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pli Flashcards

1
Q

what is Inside a cell?

A

➔ Cells are the simplest of life, anything smaller than a cell is not alive.
➔ Cells are made up of organelles
➔ Organelles carry out specific processes to keep the cell functioning and healthy
➔ Several organelles are surrounded by a membrane, which acts a barrier to control the
movement of substances in and out.

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2
Q

what does the cell theory suggest

A
  1. ALL THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
  2. THE CELL IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
  3. ALL NEW CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
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3
Q

what are the 2 types of cells ? and list functions?

A

➔ All cells can be classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
➔ PROKARYOTIC CELLS :
- Are more simple, and do not have membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus
- Bacteria
- Only unicellular

➔ EUKARYOTIC CELLS:

  • Are more complex and contain an array of membrane bound organelles
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • Paired chromosomes
  • Could be single celled or multi celled
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4
Q

Bacteria what is it ?

A

➔ Exists only as unicellular organism and reproduce by asexual reproduction
➔ Some photosynthesis or chemosynthesis; others absorb it from outside of cell
➔ Have cell wall
➔ Includes bacteria and cyanobacteria e.g E. coli, staphylococcus

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5
Q

Archaea what is it ?

A

➔ Only exists as unicellular and reproduce by asexual reproduction
➔ Absorbs food from outside of cell
➔ Prokaryotic and have cell wall
➔ Includes thermophiles (organisms which can survive at extreme low or high
temperatures)

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6
Q

Protista what is it ?

A

Protista
➔ Exists mostly as unicellular organisms (occasionally as multicellular) and reproduce
sexually or asexually.
➔ Some absorb or ingest food. Others produces
➔ Eukaryotic and contain a cell wall
➔ Includes algae and protozoa
➔ Protists are Eukaryotic organisms which are not only animal but also plant or fungal cells.

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7
Q

Fungi where does it exist

A

➔ Exists mostly as multicellular organisms and reproduce sexually or or asexually
➔ Absorb food from their surrounding
➔ They are eukaryotic and contain cell wall

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8
Q

Plant where does it exist

A 
Plant
➔ Exists as multicellular organism and reproduce sexually or asexually
➔ Produce food by photosynthesis
➔ Eukaryotic and contain cell wall
➔ E.g flowering plants and ferns
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9
Q

Animal existance

A

Animal
➔ Exists as multicellular organisms and reproduce sexually
➔ Ingests food for nutrition
➔ Eukaryotic, no cell wall

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10
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane

A

To protect cell from surroundings. The Cell
membrane controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cells and
organelles.

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11
Q

what is the function of a Endoplasmic reticulum
(rough and
smooth)

A

The ER serves many functions including folding
of proteins molecules in sacs called cisternae
and transporting protein.

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12
Q

what is the function of a mitochondria

A

Main function is to perform cellular respiration
to produce ATP and to regulate cellular
metabolism. The mitochondria acts like a
digestive system which takes in nutrients,
breaks them down and creates energy rich
molecules for the cell.

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13
Q

what is the function of a vacuole

A

Enclosed compartments that are filled with both
inorganic and organic molecules (water, salts
proteins and carbohydrates, along with water)
to support organelles . Holds waste for removal

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14
Q

what is the function of a Cytoplasm

A

to support cellular
molecules and cell organelles which it also
helps suspend. the cytoplasm also is part of
protein synthesis, glycolysis. also helps move hormones

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15
Q

what is the function of ribsomes

A

carry out the genetically coded instruction
of DNA to produce more protein. Amino acids
are joined to form polypeptides the structural
units of proteins.

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16
Q

what is the function of chlorplast

A

Allows plants to go through photosynthesis.
Pigments for this process embedded in
membrane.

17
Q

what is the function of Cell wall

A

The main roles of the cell wall include, providing
rigidity, tensile strength, structural support,
protection against mechanical stress and
infection as well as aiding the diffusion of gases
in and out of the cell.
Prevents water loss
Helps in osmotic regulation
Enables transport of substance and information
from the interior of the cell to its exterior and
vice versa

18
Q

what is the function of Golgi apparatus

A

in adding proteins and
carbohydrates to cell products and they also
provide a membrane around the cell to package
them

19
Q

what is the function of the Nucleus

A

hereditary information is stored.
controlling the growth and reproduction of the
cell.

20
Q

Lysosomes what is the function ?

A

Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi body. They
contain digestive enzymes that are responsible
for splitting complex chemical compounds into
simpler ones e.g proteins broken down into
amino acid

21
Q

Impact of abiotic factors:

A

Factors: Effect:

  • Temperature - Types of organisms
  • Oxygen Availability - Abundance (plants and animals)
  • Water Availability - Distribution (plants and animals)
  • Light intensity - Food availability
  • Buoyancy - Competition
  • Pressure - Niches
    - Communities
22
Q

what is the Impact of biotic factors including predation, competition and symbiotic relationships:

A

Biotic factors: Effect:
- Availability of food - Abundance
(plants and animals)
- Competition for territory - Distribution
(plants and animals)
- Number of predators - Population
structure of organisms.
- Ability to find a mate
- Disease + parasites

23
Q

symbiotic relationships is the term used for interactions in which a organisms live together in a close relationship that is beneficial to one.

A

MUTUALISM- both species in relo beneficial (+/+)
· COMMENSALISM- one species if beneficial and other unaffected. (+/0) one receiving benefit is called commensal and one that doesn’t get affected is called host.
- PARASITISM- one species beneficial and other suffers. (+/-) one receiving benefit is

24
Q

Ecological niche is the relational position of a population in an ecosystem and includes:

A 
What it eats.
Where it moves.
Habitat.
Place in food chain.
Abiotic + Biotic factors that affect it.
note  NO two organisms can inhabit the same niche for long periods without some consequence for one of them.
25
Q

what are the CONSEQUENCE OF COMPETITION:

A

Comp between species for resources affects reproduction and survival rates. If food sources decrease so may the abundance of both competing species.

26
Q

CONSEQUENCE OF SYMBIOSIS:

A

Symbiosis contributes to
o increase in biodiversity
o development of new species

27
Q

CONSEQUENCE OF DISEASE:

A

affects the normal functioning of the tissues in living organism.
Measuring populations of organisms using sampling techniques

28
Q

Measuring populations

A

Capture-recapture technique used for mobile populations. Traps are set and species are caught, tagged and released. Later the process is repeated and then abundance is calculated.

29
Q

Abundance===

A

= total no. captured 1st x total no. captured 2nd

No. tagged in recapture

30
Q

xCauses of Megafaunal Extinction

A

Habitat was destroyed from climate change
Hunted to extinction
Habitat destroyed by human activity

31
Q

explain Ice core drilling

A

Air bubbles of atmospheric gases are trapped provide evidence for past climate changes
Solid and dissolved impurities in the water
Isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen

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