B6.070 Prework: Fractures 101

Question 1

what is a fracture

Answer 1

break in structural continuity of a bone

Question 2

closed (simple) fracture

Answer 2

overlying skin is intact

Question 3

open (compound) fracture

Answer 3

skin or one of the body cavities is breached

Question 4

complete fracture

Answer 4

bone is split into two or more fragments

Question 5

transverse fracture

Answer 5

complete fracture straight across bone

fragments remain in place after closed reduction

Question 6

oblique or spiral fracture

Answer 6

tend to shorten the bone and re-displace even if bone is splinted

Question 7

impacted fracture

Answer 7

fragments are jammed tightly together and fracture line is indistince

Question 8

comminuted fracture

Answer 8

more than 2 fragments

Question 9

incomplete fracture

Answer 9

bone is incompletely divided

periosteum remains intact

Question 10

greenstick fracture

Answer 10

bone is buckled or bent

seen in children due to increased plasticity of their bones

Question 11

compression fracture

Answer 11

crumpled cancellous bone

seen in adults, mainly in vertebral bodies

Question 12

types of diaphyseal fractures

Answer 12

simple
wedge
complex

Question 13

2 types of proximal/distal fractures

Answer 13

extra articular
intra articular (consequences for healing)

Question 14

what forces can displace fractures

Answer 14

force of the injury
effects of gravity
pull of muscles attached at the site

Question 15

how is a displacement describes

Answer 15

relationship of the distal fragment to the proximal fragment

Question 16

translation

Answer 16

shift

fragment may shift sideways, backward, or forward

Question 17

angulation

Answer 17

tilt

malalignment if unconnected will lead to limb deformity

Question 18

rotation

Answer 18

rotational deformity

Question 19

mechanism of fractures

Answer 19

traumatic injury
repetitive stress
pathological fractures

Question 20

direct force traumatic injury

Answer 20

bone breaks at the point of impact

the soft tissues are also damaged

Question 21

indirect force traumatic injury

Answer 21

bone breaks at a distance from where the force is applied

Question 22

dominant mechanisms of traumatic injury

Answer 22

spiral pattern: twisting

oblique: compression
triangular: bending
transverse: tension

Question 23

stress fracture

Answer 23

normal bone subjected to repeated heavy loading, typically in athletes, dancers, or military personnel

Question 24

what is a pathologic fracture

Answer 24

occurs in a bone that is made weak by some disease

Question 25

causes of pathologic fractures

Answer 25

inflamm: osteomyelitis
neoplastic: giant cell tumor, Ewings
benign bone lesion: simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst
hereditary: osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis
other acquired diseases: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets

Question 26

primary fracture healing

Answer 26

fractures treated operatively without callus formation

Question 27

secondary fracture healing

Answer 27

fractures treated non-operatively with callus formation

Question 28

factors affecting bone healing

Answer 28

age
type of bone
pattern of fracture
disturbed pathoanatomy
type of reduction
immobilization
open fractures (bad)
compression (good)

Question 29

type of bone

Answer 29

cancellous faster healing than cortical

Question 30

pattern of fracture

Answer 30

spiral > oblique > transverse > comminuted