1.2

Question 1

synapse

Answer 1

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Question 2

afferent neurons

Answer 2

carry signals from the body towards the CNS; SENSORY

TO BRAIN

Question 3

efferent neurons

Answer 3

carry signals away from the CNS to the body; MOTOR

AWAY FROM BRAIN

Question 4

interneurons

Answer 4

within the brain and spinal cord, COMMUNICATE internally and intervene between between sensory and motor inputs
Autonomic Nervous System

Question 5

SNS

Answer 5

the division of the autonomic nervous system that AROUSES the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Dominant in stressful situations

Question 6

PNS

Answer 6

the division of the autonomic nervous system that CALMS the body, conserving its energy. Dominant in relaxed situations

Question 7

Cholinergics (neurotransmitter)

Answer 7

Referring to cells that use acetylcholine (ACh) as their synaptic transmitter
Fx: sleep, arousal, pain perception, movement, memory
Tx: Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s (decr. levels); Depression (incr. levels)

Question 8

monamines (neurotransmitters)

Answer 8

contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain
Norepinephrine- A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
Dopamine- A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain’s pleasure and reward system.
Serotonin- A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.
Histamine- A neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid histidine; plays an important role in maintenance of wakefulness and arousal (Also known in allergies)

Question 9

amino acids

Answer 9

provide the majority of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system
Excitatory- Glutamate and Aspartate
Fx. relay of sensory info and in the regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes
Tx: incr. level in huntington’s, epilepsy, anxiety, depression; decr. levels in schizophrenia
Inhibitory- Glycine and GABA

Question 10

neuropeptides

Answer 10

relatively short chains of amino acids, serve as neurotransmitters
Somatostatin- hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin
Substance P- regulation of pain; ↓ levels in huntington’s, alzheimer’s; ↑ levels in depression

Question 11

pituitary gland

Answer 11

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Question 12

posterior pituitary

Answer 12

ADH &

Oxytocin

Question 13

anterior pituitary

Answer 13

thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, gonadotropic hormones

Question 14

circadian rhythms

Answer 14

follow a 24-hour cycle and may influence a variety of regulatory functions; these rhythms may play a role in psychopathology (sleep disorders, hunger, timed occurrences)

Question 15

physiology of neurotransmission in CNS

Answer 15

moves from presynaptic neuron to synaptic cleft to postsynaptic neuron

Question 16

what is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior

Answer 16

1. relieve pain, reduce fever, suppress disordered movements, induce sleep or arousal, reduce appetite, and allay the tendency to vomit
2. drugs can be used to treat anxiety, depression, mania, or schizophrenia and do so without altering consciousness

Question 17

how is endocrine functioning related to the development of psychiatric disorders?

Answer 17

Neuroendocrinology- the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system, and the effects of various hormones on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning.

EX. Pt with hypothyroidism symptoms are sluggish and fatigue so a psychiatric disorder similar to that would be depression

Question 18

what is the role of genetics in the development of psychiatric disorders?

Answer 18

• Genetics- the study of the biological transmission of certain characteristics (physical and/or behavioral) from parent to offspring
• Possible genetic links to various psychological disorders have been discovered through studies determining genetic and environmental contributions to psychiatric disorders
• Diagnostic Procedures and Images are not used to diagnose people with disorders or disease but there are ways that these images help treat mental illness
• EX. There is a schizophrenic marker that normal people may have without schizophrenia but those with schizophrenia will have the marker seen on imaging

Question 19

schizophrenia

Answer 19

Frontal cortex, temporal lobes, limbic system; Dopamine hyperactivity, decreased glutamate

Question 20

depressive disorders

Answer 20

Frontal lobes, limbic system, temporal lobes; Decreased levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin; increased glutamate

Question 21

bipolar disorder

Answer 21

Frontal lobes, limbic system, temporal lobes; Increased level of norepinephrine and dopamine in acute mania

Question 22

panic disorder

Answer 22

Limbic system, midbrain; Increased levels of norepinephrine; decreased GABA activity

Question 23

anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

Limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus; Decreased levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

Question 24

OCD

Answer 24

Limbic system, basal ganglia (specifically caudate nucleus); Decreased levels of serotonin

Question 25

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 25

Temporal, parietal, and occipital regions of cerebral cortex; hippocampus; Decreased levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and somatostatin.