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NEUROLOGY > Neurones, Nerve Conduction and Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Neurones, Nerve Conduction and Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Receive input from other neurones and conveys graded electrical signals passively to the soma.

A

Dendrites.

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2
Q

The synthetic and metabolic centre of a neurone containing the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Cell body (soma).

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3
Q

Part of the neurone that integrates incoming electrical signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock.

A

Cell body (soma).

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4
Q

Site of initiation of the “all or none” action potential in a neurone.

A

Axon hillock and initial segment.

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5
Q

Conducts output signals as action potentials to the presynaptic terminal and mediates material transport between soma and presynaptic terminal by slow and fast axonal transport.

A

Axon.

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6
Q

Point of (typically) chemical communication between neurones or other cells.

A

Synapse.

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7
Q

What type of neurone has one neurite? Give an example.

A

Unipolar.

- Peripheral autonomic neurone.

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8
Q

What type of neurone has one neurite that bifurcates? Give an example.

A

Pseudounipolar.

- Dorsal root ganglion neurone.

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9
Q

What type of neurone has two neurites? Give an example.

A

Bipolar.

- Retinal bipolar neurone.

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10
Q

What type of neurone has three or more neurites? Give an example.

A

Multipolar.

- Lower motor neurone.

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11
Q

What are the four functional regions present in most neurones?

A
  • Input.
  • Integrative.
  • Conductile.
  • Output.
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12
Q

Where might a sensory neurone be found running from and to?

A

From skin to dorsal horn of spinal cord.

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13
Q

Where might a motor neurone be found running from and to?

A

From ventral horn of spinal cord to skeletal muscle.

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14
Q

Where might a local interneurone be found running from and to?

A

Between neurones in the CNS.

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15
Q

Where might a projection neurone be found running from and to?

A

From dorsal horn of spinal cord to brain structures.

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16
Q

What causes depolarisation in neurones?

A

Opening of voltage-activated Na+ channels allowing Na+ influx.

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17
Q

What causes repolarisation in neurones?

A

Opening of voltage-activated K+ channels allowing K+ efflux.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of action potentials?

A

To allow electrical signals to be conducted over large distances without decaying.

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19
Q

Why do passive signals not spread far from their site of origin in a nerve cell?

A

Due to leaky membrane causing current loss and thus a reduced change in potential.

20
Q

What factors may increase passive current spread and thus action potential velocity?

A
  • Decrease ri (axial resistance of axoplasm) by increasing axon diameter.
  • Increase rm (membrane resistance) by adding myelin.
21
Q

What provides myelin in PNS?

A

Schwann cells.

22
Q

What provides myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes.

23
Q

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are both type of what cell?

A

Macroglia.

24
Q

Demyelinating disorders have what effect on nerve conduction?

A

Slow or even stop the nerve conduction.

25
Q

Give an example of a demyelinating disorder.

A
  • Multiple sclerosis.

- Guillian-Barre Syndrome

26
Q

What separates pre- and post-synaptic membranes?

A

A narrow synaptic cleft.

27
Q

What holds the pre- and post-synaptic membranes together?

A

A matrix of extracellular proteins within the synaptic cleft.

28
Q

What within the presynaptic terminal stores neurotransmitter?

A

Vesicles.

29
Q

How are synapses classified morphologically?

A

By the location of the presynaptic terminal upon the postsynaptic cell.

30
Q

What is the most frequently found transmitter in the CNS for excitatory synapses?

A

Glutamate.

31
Q

Glutamate activates certain CNS receptors to generate what?

A

A local, graded, excitatory and depolarising response known as the excitatory postsynaptic potential e.p.s.p.

32
Q

What is the most frequently found transmitter in the CNS for inhibitory synapses?

A

γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine.

33
Q

γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine activates certain CNS receptors to generate what?

A

Local, graded, inhibitory (hyperpolarising) response known as the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (i.p.s.p).

34
Q

What are the major amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine.

35
Q

Where are peptides released from?

A

Secretory vesicles.

36
Q

Synaptic vesicles release what?

A
  • Acetylcholine.
  • Amino acids.
  • Amines.
37
Q

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Acetylcholine and 5-HT can activate what?

A

Ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs).

38
Q

What do ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels mediate?

A

Fast neurotransmission.

39
Q

Which of the following can NOT activate metabotropic G-protein-couple receptors?

  • Glutamate.
  • GABA.
  • Glycine.
  • Acetylcholine.
  • 5-HT.
A

Glycine.

40
Q

What do G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptors mediate?

A

Relatively slow neurotransmission.

41
Q

The major excitatory neurotransmitter.

  • Acts on ionotropic receptors to allow Na and Ca into cell, and K out.
  • Net result of action is EPSP, depolarisation and excitation.
A

Glutamate.

42
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

  • Acts on ionotropic receptors to allow Cl into cell.
  • Net result of action is IPSP, hyperpolarisation and inhibition.
A

GABA

43
Q

Locally-acting neurone, typically releases GABA to bring about an IPSP and inhibition.
Function is the local processing of information.

A

Interneurone.

44
Q

Neuron responsible for conveying signal to other parts of the brain.
- Typically releases glutamate to bring about an EPSP.

A

Projection neuron.

45
Q

Releases depolarising neurotransmitter e.g. glutamate.

A

Excitatory neuron.

46
Q

Releases hyperpolarising neurotransmitter e.g. GABA.

A

Inhibitory neuron.

NEUROLOGY (43 decks)

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