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PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 3 AND 4 > MENTAL HEALTH > Flashcards

MENTAL HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Internal factors that influence our mental health?

A
  • genetic pre-disposition
  • hormone/neurotransmitters imbalance
  • self esteem
  • IQ
  • Physical health
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2
Q

External factors that affect our mental health

A
  • school/education
  • traumatic events
  • relationships
  • diet
  • exercise
  • sleep
  • abuse
  • poverty
  • divorce
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3
Q

What are the three levels that make up the mental health continuum ?

A
  • Mentally healthy
  • Mental health problems
  • Mental health disorders
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4
Q

Describe mentally healthy

A
  • functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment
  • able to cope with stressors
  • able to manage feelings and emotions
  • few sleep difficulties
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5
Q

Describe the state of having mental health problems

A
  • disruption to an individuals usual level of social and emotional wellbeing
  • mild-moderate stress
  • temporary impairment
  • difficulties in coping
  • changes in appetite
  • changes in sleep patterns
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6
Q

Describe metal health disorders on the continuum

A
  • emotion difficulties that lead to emotional or behavioural impairment
  • psychological dysfunction
  • excessive anxiety
  • ongoing impairment
  • withdrawal and avoidance of social interactions
  • significant changes in sleep patterns
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a mentally healthy person?

A
  • high level of functioning
  • social and emotional wellbeing
  • resilience of life stressors
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8
Q

Explain high level of functioning

A
  • demonstrated through being able to interact and evolve oneself in society and to undertake averted activities
  • coping with everyday stressors
  • shopping,hygeine,food preparation
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9
Q

Explain social and emotional wellbeing

A
  • wellbeing is a positive state related to the enjoyment of life, the ability to deal with challenges and having strong purpose and sense of self control
  • control emotions
  • life satisfaction
  • high self efficacy
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10
Q

Explain resilience of life stressors

A
  • the ability fro a person to cope and adapt with adversity
  • a resilient person is able to cope with life challenges, such as negative events and be able to better maintain social and emotional wellbeing
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11
Q

Define mental health

A

the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment however we can not function at optimal level all times.

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12
Q

Define metal health problems

A

a disruption to an individuals usual level go social and emotional wellbeing. including when their abilities are negatively affected

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13
Q

Define mental disorder

A

the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioural problems. seriousness enough to require psychiatric interventions

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14
Q

What is the primary difference between a mental health disorder and mental health?

A

everyone has some level of metal health all the time, whereas it is possible to be without a mental illness

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15
Q

What are the main ethical implications of mental health research?

A
  • the place effect/ informed consent/deception

- principle of beneficence

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16
Q

Explain the ethical principle of beneficence

A

states that the researchers should maximise the benefits of the participant while minimising any risk f harm to them.This risk may be higher to those with mental disorders who may lack the capacity to understand the procedure.

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17
Q

Describe the placebo effect

A

changes in behaviour caused by participants belief that they have been exposed to treatment that will effect them in some way. this is a form of deception that may deprive participants of their usual treatment

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18
Q

What should researchers do if they have exposed participants to a placebo and why?

A

debrief participants therefore negating deception

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19
Q

Define risk factors

A

risk factors are factors that impede or have a negative impact on the health of an individual

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20
Q

What are the four P’s?

A

Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Protective factors

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21
Q

Define predisposing factors

A

factors that increase vulnerability to developing mental health problems

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22
Q

Define precipitating factors

A

Factors that trigger the onset or exacerbation of mental health problems

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23
Q

Define perpetuating risk factors

A

factors that prolong the course of the mental health problem or inhibit the recovery from the mental health problem

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24
Q

Define protective factors

A

factors that enhance or have a positive effect on the heath of an individual

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25
Q

List some predisposing risk factors

A
  • inherited traits
  • physical illness
  • environmental exposure before birth
  • neglect,abuse,trauma
  • poor self efficacy
  • disorganised attachment
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26
Q

List some precipitating risk factors

A
  • poor sleep
  • stressful life situations
  • traumatic experieice
  • substance abuse
  • losing job
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27
Q

List some perpetuating risk factors

A

-medical condition
-lack of social support and resources
-rumination
relationship problems
-unemployment

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28
Q

List some protective factors

A
  • good health/exercise
  • hormonal balance
  • resilience
  • strong social support
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29
Q

Define biopsychsocial model

A

an approach that proposes that health and illness outcomes are determines by the interaction and contribution of biological,psychological and social factors

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30
Q

Main biological risk factors that influence the development of mental health disorders?

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • poor response to medication
  • poor sleep
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31
Q

How does genetic vulnerability influence the development of mental health disorders?

A
  • an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on genes
  • family studies and adoption studies have shown the link between genetics and the development of mental health disorders
  • a person with a parent that has schizophrenia apron a 10% chance of developing the disorder
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32
Q

How does poor response to medication influence the development of a mental health disorder?

A
  • 80% of people who receive prescription medications don’t take drugs as directed
  • sometimes medication is a reminder of their disorder or side effect may effect lifestyle
  • can be expensive
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33
Q

How does poor sleep influence the development of a mental disorder?

A
  • sleep is important for restoring physical and mental health and increases the ability to deal with the demands of a busy life
  • therefore lack of sleep can cause us to be less able to deal with everyday stressors and may increase or negative mood meaning there is an increase negative outlook on life
34
Q

Main psychological risk factors that influence the development of mental health disorders?

A
  • Rumination
  • Impaired reasoning and memory
  • Stress
  • Poor self-efficacy
35
Q

Define rumination

A

The compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of ones distress, and on its possible causes and consequences opposed to its solutions

36
Q

How does rumination influence the development of a mental disorder?

A

-increases stress levels because it involves a person continuously thinking about various aspects of an upsetting situation
-it has been associated with many mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety
-

37
Q

How does impaired reasoning and memory influence the development of mental health disorders?

A
  • If our ability to retrieve memory is impaired,our ability to think in a reasoned manner will also be impaired/
  • Impairments in reasoning and memory are prevalent among people diagnosed with schizophrenia
  • causes difficulties in everyday functioning, including verbal fluency, language processing, and interpretation of social situations
38
Q

How does stress influence the development of mental health disorders?

A
  • If prolonged heightened levels of arousal produced my sympatheticNS results in chronic stress which may cause the heart to beat faster and cause damage to the heart.cortisol can cause immune system to weaken
  • emotional-increased levels. of frustration, anxiety, anger and depression
  • Behavioural- change in sleeping pattern
  • cognitive- thoughts dominated by stressor
  • chronic stress may lead to long term changes that may make a person more susceptible to mood disorders
39
Q

Define self-efficacy

A

an individuals belief in their capacity to execute behaviours to produce specific performance attainments

40
Q

How does self efficacy influence the development of mental disorders

A
  • high self efficacy can help people to manage themselves when they are exposed to stressful situations
  • poor self efficacy prevents people from effectively dealing with stressful situations
41
Q

Social risk factors that may influence the development of a mental disorder

A
  • Disorganised attachment
  • loss of significant relationship
  • stigma
42
Q

Describe disorganised attachment as an influence on the development of mental disorders

A

disorganised attachment is if there is instability in the caregiving relationship between parent and child
-it increases the risk of children displaying behaviour problems and development of mental illness later in life such as low self esteem, difficulty trusting and managing their feelings

43
Q

Describe the loss of significant relationship as an influence on the development of a mental disorder

A
  • positive relationships can promote self esteem and development of social skills
  • however the loss of a significant relationship can result in strong emotional responses such as anger, mood swings and feelings of rejection
44
Q

Define stigma

A

refers to social disapproval of an individuals personal characteristics or beliefs or social disapproval of a behaviour

45
Q

Describe stigma as an influence on the development of a mental disorder

A
  • mentally ill are incorrectly stereotypes as being violent, unpredictable or scary.
  • these are derogatory terms
  • 20%-50% don’t seek treatment
  • impairs help seeking behaviours, medication adherence, overall recovery, self esteem
46
Q

Define cumulative risk

A

the accumulation of and exposure to multiple risk factors that increase susceptible to developing a mental disorder or perpetuates an existing mental disorder. older people due to cumulation of numerous risk factors

47
Q

Difference between stress anxiety and phobia

A

Stress is a state of mental or physical tension that occurs when an individual must adjust or adapt to their environment but they do not feel they have the capacity to

  • anxiety refers to feelings of apprehension, dread or uneasiness and is a response to an ambiguous threat
  • phobia is an intense irrational fear and avoidance of a particular thing, activity or situation
48
Q

How long must symptoms be present for phobia and anxiety need to be diagnosed?

A

p-6 monts

a-4 weeks

49
Q

similarities between anxiety, stress and phobia

A

stress response

50
Q

Define anxiety disorder

A

a mental disorder that involves feelings of extreme anxiety, accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms which prevents a sufferer from normal functioning

51
Q

What are the four stages of anxiety that are on the continuum?

A
  • appropriate anxiety=we all feel
  • threatening anxiety=feel in dangerous situation
  • extreme anxiety= maladaptive symptoms
  • anxiety disorders=diagnosis
52
Q

Define phobia

A

anxiety disorder that refers to a persistent, irrational and intense fear of an object, activity or situation

53
Q

Define specific phobia

A

intense irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object activity or situation

54
Q

What are the 4 types of specific phobias?

A

-animal, blood/injection, environmental, situational

55
Q

What are the biological factors that contribute to the development of a specific phobia?

A
  • Role of GABA
  • Role of stress response
  • Role of LTP
56
Q

Describe the role of the neurotransmitter GABA in the development of a specific phobia

A

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms or slows down the central nervous system there calming the bod. therefore a if there is a lack of GABA a person experiences increased anxiety levels therefore increasing development of phobia

57
Q

Describe the role of the stress response in the development of a specific phobia

A
  • stress response activates sympathetic NS resulting in physiological responses.
  • research ahas shown that people with anxiety show ANS of people with anxiety disorder show an increases stress response
  • suffers are slower to adapt to stressors
  • susceptible to more frequent stressors
58
Q

What is the role of LTP in the development of a specific phobia?

A
  • fear=learnt response
  • . after memory is formed of free stimulus.exposure to the fear stimulus will strengthen the memory circuit and via communication with the amygdala will activate multiple brain regions that then produce a variety of symptoms of fear and anxiety
59
Q

What are the psychological factors that are involved in the development of a specific phobia?

A
  • behavioural models
  • cognitive bias
  • memory bias
  • catastrophic thinking
60
Q

Define cognitive model

A

a psychological perspective that is interested in investigating internal mental processes, thoughts and memories and their influence on behaviour

61
Q

Define cognitive bias

A

a type of error in thinking that occurs when people are interpreting information

62
Q

Define memory bias

A

a type of error in thinning that may either enhance or impair the recall of memory, or alter content of memory. tend to remember negative threatening information about phobic stimuli

63
Q

Define catastrophic thinking

A

occurs when an individual repeatedly overestimates the potential dangers and assumes the worst of an objet or event

64
Q

What are the social factors that contribute to the development of a specific phobia?

A
  • environmental triggers

- stigma

65
Q

What are environmental triggers that contribute to the development of a specific phobia?

A
  • direct exposure to a traumatic event
  • witnessing other people experiencing a traumatic event
  • reading or hearing about a traumatic event
  • social learning theory-behaviour is learnt from observational learning
66
Q

What are evidence based interventions?

A

treatments that have been proven effective based on clinical research and expertise aimed at changing behaviour

67
Q

Biological treatments

A
  • medication-benzodiazipines
  • breathing re training
  • exercise
68
Q

How is medication used as a treatment for phobias?

A
  • short acting
  • Agnostics=stimulates the GABA receptors and enhances the effect of GABA,
  • Anti anxiety and sleep inducing
  • slow CNS induced drowsiness and can be highly addictive
69
Q

Define breathing re training

A

slow breathing technique to manage effects of hyperventilation
-calms nervous systen and lowers anxiety

70
Q

How does exercise help treat phobias?

A
  • lowers stress by depleting stress hormones

- produces beta endorphins and dopamine and serotonin which improves mood and lowers anxiety

71
Q

Psychological treatments for phobias

A
  • CBT- uses combination of verbal and behaviour techniques to help change irrational patterns of thinking that create phobias to more rational positive thoughts.
    e. g. systematic desensitisation
72
Q

Social treatments of phobia

A
  • psychoeducation=the education about a mental illness such as the nature of illness, its treatment and management strategies
  • discourage avoidance behaviours and challenge unrealistic thoughts
73
Q

What are the stages of the trans-theroectical model ?

A
  • Pre contemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
74
Q

Define pre contemplation stage

A

the individual has no intention to take cation within the next 6 months and is generally unaware or under aware of the problem

75
Q

Define contemplation stage

A

the individual intends to take action in the next 6 months. he or she is aware that a problem exists but not yet made commitment

76
Q

Define preparation

A

the individual intends to take action in the next 30 days and has takes some behavioural steps

77
Q

Define Action

A

the individual changes his or her behaviour for less than 6 months

78
Q

Define maintenance

A

the individual changes his or her behaviour for more than 6 months and works to prevent relapse and consolidate attained gains

79
Q

Weaknesses of trans theoretical model

A
  • lack of research focusing on variables that influence each step
  • doesn’t account for cognitive steps
80
Q

Strengths for trans theoretical model

A
  • emphasises behaviour change as a process

- allows for setbacks and relapses

PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 3 AND 4 (7 decks)

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