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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 Key Questions > Flashcards

Unit 1 Key Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined term geography? What is the definition of geography

A
  • Eratostheres

- The study of where things are found on earth’s surface and the reason for the locations

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2
Q

What are the two key questions asked by geographers

A
  • Where are people and activities found on earth

- Why are they found there

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3
Q

Cartography

A

The science of mapmaking

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4
Q

Two purposes that maps serve

A
  • As reference tool (Where things are, absolute and relative location)
  • As a communications tool (shows the distribution of human activities or physical features
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5
Q

How did maps/geography develop because of china

A

-Pei Xiu made elaborate map of China-> China better mapped

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6
Q

How did maps/geography develop because of Muslims

A
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi built on ptolemy’s map

- Prepared/made world map and geography text

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7
Q

How did maps/geography develop because of Age of Discovery

A
  • Explorers sailed across the world to new lands and cartographers used their info to make more accurate maps
  • Martin Waldseemuller-> first map with “America” as label
  • Ortelius-> created 1st modern atlas
  • Varenius-> made Geographia Generalis, which was standard written work on systematic geography for 100 years
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8
Q

Map scale

A

The relationship of a feature’s (thing’s) size on a map compared to its actual size on Earth

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9
Q

Describe the three ways in whcih map scale can presented/expressed

A
  • Ratio or fraction: Shows ratio between distances on the map and the Earth’s surface in numbers (1: 24,000, map:earth)
  • Written scale: shows relationship in words (1 inch equals 1 mile, map to world)
  • Graphic scale- bar line marked to show distance on earth’s surfac. use ruler to measure the bar line and compare to map
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10
Q

What is advantage of map with large scale (small portion of earth)

A
  • Map is more detailed

- Big maps have to leave out details bc not enough space

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11
Q

What advantage does a small scale map (globe) have

A

-Can show processes and trends that affect everyone/a lot of people

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12
Q

What can be distorted when geographers convert the round earth to a flat map with projection

A
  • Shape: Become more elongated or squat
  • Distance: Between 2 pts change
  • Relative size: One area may appear larger than another when its actually smaller in reality
  • Direction: can be distorted
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13
Q

Robinson

A
  • Curved and globe-like
  • Displays info across oceans well
  • Solves some problems with mercator
  • Everything (shape, size, distance, direction) is a little distorted
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14
Q

Mercator

A
  • Flat map
  • Shape distorted very little
  • Direction consistent
  • Meridians and parallels meet at right angles like irl
  • Relative size is very distorted, especially towards the poles
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15
Q

What is a geographic grid

A

A system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth’s surface

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16
Q

Longitude-> name of lines, center, how other lines are measure

A
  • Meridians
  • Prime meridian-> 0 degrees
  • On opposite side of globe is 180 degrees and between 180 and 0 the lines are measured with east or west if they are east or west of prime meridian
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17
Q

Latitude->name of lines, center, how other lines are measure

A
  • Parallel
  • Equator-0 degrees
  • 90-90 n/s of equator
  • The 90s represent north and south poles
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18
Q

How many time zones are there

A

24

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19
Q

What is the international date line

A
  • Kind of follows 180 degrees

- You turn the clock + 24 hrs if you go east (to America) and -24 hrs if you go west (to China)

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20
Q

What is geographic information science (GIScience) How does it help geographer

A
  • Involves development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
  • Allows geographers to access info about Earth
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21
Q

Remote sensing def

A

Getting data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods

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22
Q

Global positioning system (GPS)

Def

A

System that accurately determines the precise position of something on earth

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23
Q

Global positioning system (GPS)

How does it work

A
  • Satellites are placed into orbits
  • Tracking stations monitor and control the satellites
  • A reciever that can locate 4+ satellites figures out the distance to each and uses that info to pinpoint its own location and yours
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24
Q

Global positioning system (GPS)

Most commonly used for

A

Navigation: Planes, ships, driving, monitoring delivery, getting emergency help, cell phones, scocial media

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25
Q

GIS

A
  • Geographic information system
  • Stores layers of data
  • Stores and manages geographic data
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26
Q

What kind of info is stored in GIS

A
  • Roads
  • Bodies of water
  • Names of place
  • Cities
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27
Q

GIS: Mashup

A

-Overlaying layers
-Mixing tow pieces of data so you can see both at same time
EX: seeing roads and state boundaries

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28
Q

What is dif between place and location

A

Place: A specific point on earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
Location: the position that something occupies on earth’s surface
-Place is a section of earth, location is where it is

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29
Q

Three ways to identify location

A
  • Place name
  • Site
  • Situation
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30
Q

Toponym

A

The name given to a place on Earth

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31
Q

For ways in which a place can receive its name

A

Named after:

  • A person
  • Associated with religion
  • Derived from ancient history
  • May indicate the origin of its settlers
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32
Q

Site def

A

The physical character of a place

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33
Q

Five examples of site characteristics

A
  • Climate
  • Water sources
  • Topography
  • Soil
  • Vegetation
  • latitude
  • Elevation
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34
Q

What can humans do to a site and example

A

Human actions can modify the characteristics of a site

-New york and Tokyo have been expanded with landfilling

35
Q

Situation def

A

The location of a place relative to other places

36
Q

The two reasons situation is important in indicating a location

A
  • Finding an unfamiliar place

- Understanding its importance

37
Q

What is a region

A

An area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

38
Q

What two scales is region applied to

A
  • Several neighboring countries that share important features such as those in Latin America (spanning political states/areas)
  • Many localities within a country, such as those in Southern California (confined within one state)
39
Q

How did Carl Sauer define the cultural landscape

A
  • An area fashion from nature from a cultural group
  • A region that derives its unified character through cultural landscape- a combo of cultural, religious, physical featues
40
Q

Formal region

A
  • AKA uniform or homogenus
  • An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
  • Characteristic can be predominant rather than universal
  • Language
  • Economic
  • Climate
41
Q

Functional region

A
  • AKA nodal (focus)
  • An area organized around a node or focal point. Has a central focus (node) and diminished in importance outward
  • Reception of TV station (strongest closest to it)
  • Circulation of Newspaper
42
Q

Vernacular region

A
  • AKA perceptual region
  • An area that people believe exists as a part of their culural identity
  • Mental map
  • definition of south in USA
43
Q

What is a mental map

A

An internal representation of a portion of earths surface

-Impressions, where, whats there

44
Q

Two meaning of culture that geographers study

A
  • To care about: Why the customary ideas, beliefs, values of a people produce distinctive culture in a place. V. important cultural values come from language, ethnicity, and religion
  • To care of: Production of material wealth (food, clothing, shelter, humans need to survive and thrive)
45
Q

Things included in a groups culture

A
  • Ideas
  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Language
  • religion
  • food
  • Clothing
  • Shelter
  • Art
  • Economics
46
Q

In order to find out why a region has distinct features (like a high cancer rate) what do geographers do

A

Try to identify cultural,economic, and environmental factors that display similar spatial distributions
-Great lakes= more cancer bc more factories

47
Q

Three concepts to explain why similarities exits among places and regions and not coincidence

A
  • Scale
  • Space
  • Connections
48
Q

Geographic scale

A

The relationship between the portion earth being studied and earth as a whole

49
Q

At what scales do geographers explore the world

A

Global

50
Q

What is globalization and what does it do to the scale of the world

A
  • A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
  • Scale of the world is shrinking
51
Q

How is recession of 2008 an example of globalization

A

The economy of the entire world recessed, not just one country

52
Q

What is meant by a “uniform global landscape”

A
  • Globalization of cultural beliefs and forms, especially religion and language
  • Geographers observe that increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform “global” landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values
53
Q

How has the communications revolution both promoted globalization while at the same time preserving cultural diversity

A
  • TV used to play channels with one set of cultural vales

- ppl can now choose from 100s of programs in dif languages

54
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects

55
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of a feature in space

56
Q

Density

A

The frequency with which something occurs in space

57
Q

What two measures determine an areas density

A

The number of a feature and the land area

58
Q

Concentration

A

The extent of features spread over space

59
Q

What are the opposite ends of spectrum for concentration

A

Clustered: Close together
Dispersed: Far apart

60
Q

Why do geographers use concentration

A

To describe changes in distribution

61
Q

What is pattern

A

The geometric arrangement of objects in space

-Some features are organized in a geometric patter, while others are distributed irregularly

62
Q

Why are many American cities arranged in a square or rectangular pattern

A
  • To form square or rectangular blocks

- AkA grid pattern

63
Q

Behavioral geography

A

-Emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions

64
Q

Humanistic geography

A

-Emphasizes the different ways individuals perceive their surrounding environment

65
Q

-Poststructuralist biology

A

-Emphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space

66
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space

67
Q

Hearth

A

A place from which an innovation originates

68
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

The spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from place to place

69
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

The spread of feature from one place to another in an additive process

70
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

The spread of an ideal from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

71
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

72
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principal even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

73
Q

What did most interaction require in the past

A

The physical movement of settlers, explorer, and plundered from one place to another

74
Q

Distance decay

A

When people get farther away from each other and contact diminishes with increasing distance

75
Q

Global culture and economy are increasingly centered around 3 core (hearth) regions

A

North america, west europe, japan

76
Q

Why is North america, west europe, japan culture hearths

A
  • They have a large % of the world’s advanced tech, capital to invest in new activities, wealth to purchase goods and services
  • Acess to tech
77
Q

What areas of the world are on the outer edge, or periphery

A

-Africa, Asia, latin america

78
Q

Renewable resources

A

Produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans
-Will regrow within one’s lifetime

79
Q

Nonrenewable resources

A

Consumed by humans more rapidly than it is produced in nature

80
Q

Sustainability

A

The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable resources in ways that ensure resources availability in the future

81
Q

Environmental determinism

A

The physical environment determines social development

  • Based on studying natural sciences
  • Mid 1700s
  • Human culture is at the mercy of the physical environment and we can do little to change it
82
Q

How do geographers feel to environmental determinsim

A

They reject in in favor of possibilitism

83
Q

Environmental possibilism

A

The physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

84
Q

Two major issues of sustainability and resourves

A
  • Humans deplete nonrenewable resources

- Humans destroyed otherwise renewable resources through pollution of air, water, and soil

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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