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imed3004 > Anatomy: GIT Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy: GIT Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the tongue?

A

Dorsal surface is divided into the oral part (anterior 2/3rds) and pharyngeal part (posterior 1/3rd)

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2
Q

What gives the oral part of the tongue its characteristic appearance?

A

Oral part has its characteristic appearance due to presence of a large number of small projections called lingual papillae.

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3
Q

What are lingual papillae?

A

Connective tissue core covered in stratified squamous epithelium on the tongue forming projections.

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4
Q

What are the types of papillae found on the tongue?

A

Filiform

Fungiform

Circumvallate

Foliate (not well developed and absent in aged individuals)

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5
Q

What tonsils are seen in the tongue and where are they located?

A

The Lingual tonsils which contain lymphoid nodules superficially in the pharyngeal part of the tongue.

The palatine tonsils are located within the soft palate.

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6
Q

What do filiform papillae do?

A

Smallest and most numerous papillae that are responsible for tongue’s roughness and they aid with manipulation and processing of food.

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7
Q

What do fungiform papillae do?

A

They occur singly and are evenly spaced between filiform papillae.

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8
Q

What do circumvallate papillae do?

A

Largest, least numerous papillae which are found in depressions of surface of the tongue and are surrounded with a trench formed by infolding of epithelium.

Taste buds numerous on lateral surfaces of these papillae. excretory ducts of serous glands open into trenches.

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9
Q

What is the tongue made up of?

A

Lots of dense Connective Tissue.

Skeletal muscle strands oriented perpendicular to each other.

Small salivary glands located in CT

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10
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Histological sections that appear as ovoid, lightly stained bodies which extend from basement membrane to a little opening formed in epithelium.

Sensory cells extend microvilli into taste pore. (microvilli contain receptors for taste modalities such as sweet, salty, bitter, and acid (sour).

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11
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Sublingual: Beneath tongue and embedded deeply in connective tissue of the oral cavity.

Submandibular: Under either side of the floor of the mouth.

Parotid glands: Lie outside the oral cavity.

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12
Q

How are glands divided?

A

By connective tissue septa into lobes which further divide into lobules

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13
Q

What are tubuloacinar glands?

A

Glands that have secretory acini but first part of the duct system also participates in secretory process. (Salivary glands act like this)

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14
Q

What are the types of secretory acini?

A

Serous which form a liquid product

Mucous which form a viscous product

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15
Q

What do serous acini look like histologically?

A

Round/ovoid nuclei, basal surface of cell

Cytoplasm appears pink/red

Mainly in glands located further away from oral cavity like the parotid gland.

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16
Q

What do viscous acini look like histologically?

A

Flattened nuclei, appear pressed against basal surface of the cell

Secretory vesicles fill much of the apical cytoplasm

Secretory product unstained/dissolved. Mainly in glands located close to oral cavity (i.e sublingual gland)

17
Q

What kinds of glands does the submandibular gland contain?

A

Mixed serous and mucous glands but predominantly serous.

18
Q

What do serous demilunes contain?

A

Serous and mucous cells may form mixed acini. Serous cells form small half-moon/crescent shaped structures = serous demilunes.

19
Q

What are the ducts present in salivary glands?

A

Intercalated ducts -> Striated ducts -> intralobular vs interlobular ducts.

20
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa containing epithelium, lamino propria, and muscularis mucosae

Submucosa = Vascular and nerve plexuses

Muscularis externa = Outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles

Adventitia and serosa

21
Q

What type of epithelium does the oesophagus contain?

A

No digestion/absorption - no columnar epithelium for this reason as it is not required.

22
Q

How does the oesophagus get lubricated for food movement?

A

It contains mucous glands in the submucosa and in the lamina propria of the mucosa.

23
Q

What muscles are contained in the muscularis externa of the oesophagus?

A

The upper oesophagus: Skeletal muscles needed for rapid transit of food.

Middle part of the oesophagus consists of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle.

The lower oesophagus consists of smooth muscle.

24
Q

What types of muscles are contained in the oesophagus?

A

There is a circular layer and a longitudinal layer.

25
Q

What are the functional differences present in the stomach compared to the rest of the GI tract?

A

Begins protein digestion which means it produces enzymes via glands in the lamina propria.

Enzymes require highly acidic medium and so there are special cells for this purpose

Inner surface is coated with lots of mucous for protection.

Glands in lower part produce only mucous

26
Q

what are the subdivisions of the stomach?

A

Fundus (Fundus + Body = Fundic part)

Body

Pyloric antrum (Pyloric Antrum + Pyloric canal = pyloric part)

Pyloric canal

When referring to these functional / histological parts do not use fundus or pyloris

27
Q

Where is the cardiac notch located? What is its function?

A

Between the oesophagus and the fundus of the stomach.

This acts as a functional sphincter.

28
Q

Where are acid secreting cells located in the stomach?

A

In the fundic part (The fundus + body)

29
Q

What do epithelial cells of the stomach do?

A

All cells look identical and produce mucous.

They also form pits where this mucous is produced.

30
Q

What glands are found in the lamina propria of the fundic part of the stomach?

A

Simple, straight cells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Endocrine cells

31
Q

What do chief cells of the stomach produce?

A

Protein degrading enzymes (they have lots of rough ER)

32
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

They produce HCl which is important for protein digestion.

33
Q

What do parietal cells look like?

A

Large cells with pink cytoplasm on the outer side of gland.

34
Q

How is the pyloric part different to the fundic part of the stomach histologically?

A

Shorter cells with less pits. (less enzymatic secretion)

imed3004 (50 decks)

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