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Biology A-LEVEL > Topic 1 - 1.1 Chemistry for life/ 1.2 carbohydrates 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 - 1.1 Chemistry for life/ 1.2 carbohydrates 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Nitrate Ions?

A

Needed in plants to form amino acids

Needed in humans for the production of DNA

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2
Q

What is the function of phosphate ions?

A

It is needed in all living organisms for the formation of ATP, ADP, DNA and RNA

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3
Q

What is the function of Chloride Ions?

A

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

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4
Q

What is the function of hydrogen carbonate ions?

A

It is needed to buffer the blood to prevent it from becoming too acidic

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5
Q

What is the function of sodium ions?

A

Needed in nerve impulses and many secretory systems

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6
Q

What is the function of calcium ions?

A

Needed in animals for bone formation and muscle contractions

Needed in plants for the formation of calcium pectate in plants

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7
Q

What is the function of hydrogen ions?

A

They are needed in cellular respiration and photosynthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of magnesium ions

A

For production of chlorophyll

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9
Q

What is an anion?

A

An anion is a negative ion formed when gaining an electron

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10
Q

What is a cation?

A

A cation is a positive ion formed when an atom loses an electron

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11
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

They are attractive forces between oppositely charged electons

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Are formed when atoms share electrons.

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13
Q

What is a dipole?

A

It is the separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in a covalent bond are not evenly shared

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14
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Is a molecule containing a dipole.

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15
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

They are weak electrostatic intermolecular Bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom.

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16
Q

In a water molecule what is the degree between the two hydrogen atoms?

A

104.5 degrees

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17
Q

Give some of the main properties of water.

A
  • Water is a polar solvent, therefore things dissolve into it well.
  • Excellent transport medium because so much can dissolve into it
  • Liquid water is more dense than ice
  • Water is slow to absorb and release heat, high SHC
  • It cannot be compressed
  • The water molecules are cohesive and so stick to surfaces
18
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer.

19
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of smaller repeating monomer units.

20
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large molecule often formed often formed by polymerisation.

21
Q

What is starch?

A

It is a long chain polymer formed by joining alpha and beta glucose

22
Q

What is sucrose?

A

It is a sweetener formed by combing alpha glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond.

23
Q

What is glucose?

A

It is a hexose sugar

24
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar monomer in which there is one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon present in the molecule.
The general formula for this is (CH2O)n

For example triose sugars (n=3) have three carbon atoms and the molecular formula C3H6O3

25
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Is a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction.

26
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Is a polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

27
Q

What is a triose sugar?

A

It contains 3 carbon atoms

28
Q

What is a penthouse sugar?

A

Made up of 5 carbon atoms

29
Q

What is ribose?

A

A pentose sugar that makes up RNA

30
Q

What is Deoxyribose?

A

Is a pentose sugar that makes up DNA

31
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA

32
Q

What is ribonucleic acid?

A

Is a nucleic acid that can act as the genetic material in some organisms and is sin loved in protein synthesis

33
Q

What is a hexose sugar?

A

Is a sugar with six carbon atoms

34
Q

What is an isomer?

A

They are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures.

35
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Is a reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

36
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction.

37
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Are sugars that react with blue Benedictus solution and reduce the copper(11) ions to copper(1) ions giving an orange precipitate

38
Q

What are non-reducing sugars?

A

Are sugars that do not react with Benedictus solution.

39
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

On the right ‘branch’ of the a and b glucose the H and OH molecules are flipped.
a-glucose has a H on top and a OH on the bottom
B-glucose has a OH on the top and a H on the bottom

40
Q

Describe the hydrogen bonds in water.

A

Each water molecule is H2O however each Oxygen atom in each water molecule forms a weak hydrogen bond with another H2O. This causes the atoms of water to stick together more than normal.

Biology A-LEVEL (12 decks)

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