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Stains Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following characteristics of ammoniacal silver solutions may cause tissue sections to wash off during impregnations?

a. Osmotic pressure
b. Alkalinity
c. Concentration
d. Temperature

A

b. Alkalinity

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2
Q

In the colloidal iron method, the principle of the rxn is believed to be the formaton of an ionic bond between ferric iron and the free carboxyl grp of:

a. glycogen
b. lipoproteins
c. neutral mucins
d. acid mucopolysaccharides

A

d. acid mucopolysaccharides (carboxylated and sulfated mucosubs)
- free carboxyl group of gycosaminoglycans (aka mucosubs)

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3
Q

To suppress background and non-specific staining, a Congo red solution contains:

a. socium acetate
b. sodium chloride
c. sodium phosphate
d. sodium sulfate

A

b. sodium chloride

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4
Q

Yellow-brown pigment, often found in cardiac muscle and liver cells in increasing amounts with age or debilitated states, is:

a. porphyrin
b. hemoglobin
c. lipofuchsin
d. melanin

A

c. lipofuchsin

also in adrenals

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5
Q

Which of the following is an argyrophil method?

a. fontana mason
b. gomori-burtner
c. grimelius
d. weigert iron hematoxylin

A

c. Grimelius for argyrophilic granules (pigment chapter)

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6
Q

An effective counterstain following some silver impregnation procedures is:

a. acid fuchsin
b. aniline blue
c. picric acid
d. light green

A

d. light green

Periodic acid methenamine silver PAMS & Grocott methenamine silver

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7
Q

A methyl green- pyronin procedure is done on a formalin fixed section of tissue , but there is no evident RNA. Unless the procedure has been modified for formalin fixation, which of the following fixatives would give more desirable results?

a. Bouin
b. Carnoy
c. Zenker
d. Zamboni

A

B. Carnoy fixative because is ideal for nucleic acid stain

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8
Q

A chemical that will bleach melanin is:

a. oxalic acid
b. hydrogen peroxide
c. sodium iodate
d. sodium thiosulfate

A

b. hydrogen peroxide

(also, potassium permanganate)

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9
Q

Which of the following procedures stain fibrin blue, nuclei blue, and collagen red?

a. Gomori aldehyde fuchsin
b. Mallory PTAH
c. Gomori one strep trichrome
d. PASH

A

b. Mallory PTAH

stains:
blue= muscle and fibrin

red= collagen

blue =nuclei

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10
Q

Argentaffin cells found in the epithelim of the stomach and intestine are known as which of the following cells?

a. amphophilic
b. enterochromaffin
c. absorptive
d. paneth

A

b. enterochromaffin cells

(found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine)

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11
Q

Which of the following substances is used in acid-fast staining procedures to enhance carbol- fuchsin staining and aid in dissolving the fuchsin dye?

a. Hydrochloric acid
b. methylene blue
c. phenol
d. water

A

c. phenol

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12
Q

Solutions of anionic dyes in pricric acid are used to demonstrate:

a. reticulin
b. fibrocartilage
c. collagen
d. elastin

A

c. collagen

in the van-gieson stain

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13
Q

Transitional epithelium refers to:

a. endothelium
b. urothelium
c. mesothelium
d. metaplasia

A

b. Urothelium

(It is the type of epithelium that lines much of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra.)

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14
Q 
The addition of thymol crystals to staining solutions used for demonstrating microorganisms serves to: 
a. maintain a neutral pH 
b. facilitate reagent penetration 
c. inhibit mold growth 
help section adherence
A

c. inhibit mold growth

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15
Q

The gomori ammoniacal silver techniques for demonstrating reticulin will also demonstrate:

a. small brain capillaries
b. astrocytes
c. nerve fibers
d. myelin

A

a. small brain capillaries

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16
Q

A gram stain has been done on a reactive, inflammatory lymph node, and the background structures are stained intense red, making identification of gram negative organisms difficult. This is most likely due to:

a. prolonged staining with basic fuchsin
b. drying following the crystal violet
c. poor differentiation with picric acid-acetone
d. incomplete dehydration and clearing

A

c. poor differentiation with picric acid-acetone

the decolorizer

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17
Q

Which of the following acids in a n alcoholic solution is most commonly used to differentiate aluminum-hematoxylin stained sections?

a. formic
b. hydrochloric
c. sulfuric
d. acetic

A

b. hydrochloric acid

  • basic/cationic dyes:
    differentiated by weak acid sol.
    (ex. aluminum hematoxylin by HCL)

note: eosin diff by ammonium hydroxide

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18
Q

Which of the following is a metachromatic stain for identifying neurons and neuroglials cells?

A

c. Toluidine blue

from (alcian yellow toluidine blue)

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19
Q

A staining method used to demonstrate microglia is:

a. Bielschowsky
b. luxol fast blue
c. Del rio-hortega
d. cajal

A

c. Del Rio- Hortega

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20
Q

The atomic grouping within a dye that gives it its color is called:

a. auxochrome
b. chromogen
c. chromophore
d. lake

A

c. chromophore

note: chromogen is maker for visualization in IHC (a benzene ring)
Auxochrome is to intensify color

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21
Q

The reagent used for adjusting the pH to 3.4 in the Gomori trichrome stain solution for use on frozen sections of muscle us:

a. HCL
b. NH4OH
c. HNO3
d. NaOH

A

d. NaOH

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22
Q

Which of the following chemicals is used as both a mordant and a differentiator in the Heidenhan hematoxylin procedure for amebae?

a. mercuric chloride
b. chromium aluminum sulfate
c. aluminum ammonium sulfate
d. ferric ammoninum sulfate

A

d. ferric ammonium sulfate

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23
Q

fixation of tissues for 2 weeks in which of the following will most likely impair nuclear staining?

a. NBF
b. Zenker sol
c. paraformaldehyde
d. glyoxal

A

b. Zenker solution

only for temporary used, not storage

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24
Q

A researcher wished to differentiate the different types of granulocytes in a tissue section. The stain of choice is:

a. gram
b. acid-fast
c. Romanowsky
d. silver impregnation

A

c. Romanowsky (are for malaria parasites and leukocytes) & differentiation granulocytes

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25
Q

After H&E staining , the cytoplasm in a tissue sec appears hazy, obscure and contrast poorly with nuclei. The most likely cause is that:

a. eosin Y was used
b. phloxine was added to eosin
c. acetic acid was present in the eosin solution
d. slides were not differentiated properly with alcohol

A

d. slides were not differentiated properly with alcohol

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26
Q

Rising in alcohol or water after primary stain application should be avoided in the thionin method for demonstrating nissl substance because:

a. sections will be overstained
b. an undesirable precipitate will form
c. the primary stain will be removed
d. the nissl substance will be dissorted

A

c. the primary stain will be removed

Crystal echt violet as the primary stain is pH dependent to acetic acid (2.5 pH )

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27
Q

The acid used in the Prussian blue reaction is: a. acetic

b. hydrochloric
c. nitric
d. sulfuric

A

b. hydrochloric acid (used with potassium ferrocyanide)

note: Turnbull blue used acetic acid

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28
Q

Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section shows a pink artifact surrounding the tissue and in tissue spaces. The most probable cause of this artifact is:

a. precipitation of the eosin
b. excess acetic acid in the eosin
c. surplus adhesive on the slide
d. poor bluing of the hematoxylin

A

c. surplus adhesive on the slide

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29
Q

The purpose of an acetic acid rinse in the Gomori one step trichrome procedure is to:

a. differentiate the nuclear staining
b. make color shades more transparent
c. permit tungstate ions to bind to colagen
d. facilitate muscle staining with chromotrope 2R

A

b. make color shades more transparent

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30
Q

Differential staining of nucleic and cytoplasm with Giemsa solution is an example of :

a. polychromasia
b. metachromasia
c. orthochromasia
d. hypochromasia

A

a. polychromasia

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31
Q

Hemosiderin can be removed from tissue by treating the sections with a dlute solution of:

a. lugol iodine
b. hydrogen peroxide
c. sulfuric acid
d. alcoholic ammonium hydroxide

A

c. sulfuric acid

  • iron may dissolve in some acidic fixatives or decal sol
  • sulfuric acid is most common to remove pigments (except carbon anthracotic)

Note: Hemosiderin not dissolved and iron demostrated in bone bx w zenker acetic fic

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32
Q

what procedure would demonstrate most amoebae in tissue sections?

A

PAS stain

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33
Q

Microscopic examination of a skeletal muscle section w/ PTAH reveals very pale pink staining of the collage. The most common cause of this pale staining is:

a. too concentrated solution of oxalic acis
b. overoxidized phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
c. prolonged water and alcohol rinses
d. failure to postmordant in zenker fluid

A

c. prolonged water and alcohol rinses

The tungstic stain tends to wash off easily (dehydration and clearing must be quick)

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34
Q

The toughest of the connective tissue fibers is :

a. reticulin
b. elastin
c. collagen
d. myelin

A

c. collagen

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35
Q

In the Gomori aldehyde fuchsin techniques, elastin fibers stain:

A

violet purple

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36
Q

Some argentaffin cells are also known as:

A

Kulchitsky cells

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37
Q

In the Weigert stain for fibrin, the principal coloring agent is

A

crystal violet (new stain)

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38
Q

A tumor or new growth largely made up of nerve cells is called:

A

Neuroma

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39
Q

Tissue intended for Briwn-Hopps staining of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is fixed in Bouin solution. The most likely effect of this fixative on staining results is to:

a. enhance staining
b. inhibit staining
c. have no effect on staining
d. completely eliminate staining .

A

B. inhibit staining

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40
Q

Sections of lungs staining w/ GMS and PAS show positive staining of what appear to be cryptococcal organism. However, the same oval-shaped bodies are seen in non-granulomatous ares and on edges of the tissue. This “positive” staining material is:

a. calcium
b. ceroid
c. talcum powder
d. asbestos

A

c. talcum powder

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41
Q

The function of potassium permangante in the PTAH method is thought to be of a:

a. sensitizer
b. mordant
c. differentiator
d. dye-trapping

A

b. mordant

& to fast chemical rippening and use

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42
Q

Feulgen staining procedure sequence :

A

5N hydrocholoric acid , schiff, sulfurous acid , light green

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43
Q

A rapid bile identification technique that involves destruction of tissue sections by acid is the :

A

Ralph method (??)

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44
Q

The purpose of nonmetallic forceps, acid- cleaned classware and triple distilled water in silver techniques is to prevent:

A

contamination of silver solution

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45
Q

In the bodian techniques, Protagol impregnates both neurofibrils and CT . Subsequently, connective tissue is rendered colorless by replacement of the silver with:

a. copper
b. gold
c. lead
d. tin

A

b. gold

from gold chloride

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46
Q

The primary dye used in a rapid, non-silver staining procedure to demonstrate h.pylori is:

a. azure-eosin
b. leucofuchsin
c. colloidad iron
d. carbol-fuchsin

A

a. azure -eosin

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47
Q

A method that will stain hemoglobin emeral-green is :

a. gomori
b. Dunn-Thompson
c. Okajima
d. Bauer

A

b. Dunn-Thompson

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48
Q

Important factors affecting gram-positive staining of some organisms include the:

a. age of the organism and acidity of environment
b. size of the organism and presence of lipid capsule
c. shape and size of organism
d. time in crystal violet and safranin sol

A

a. age of the organism and acidity of environment

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49
Q

Microscopic evaluation of a Wright stained smears reveal poor nuclear staining an very little cytoplasmic differentiation:

a. an improper pH
b. Smears that are too thin
c. the staining solution that is not ripened
d. staining done at room temperature

A

a. an improper pH
- pH must at 6= RBC pink

(if ph 6.5 rbc yellow, if >6.5 rbc gray)

AKA Giemsa for smears
(a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue dyes)

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50
Q

A component in the cell nucleus that stains strongly with basic dyes is called:

a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. cytomembrane
c. lipofuchsin
d. chromatin

A

d. chromatin!!!

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51
Q

The antibody class most frequently sed in IFC and Immunoenzyme staining is:

A

IgG

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52
Q

The oxidizing agent used in the Gomori chrome alum-hematoxylin-phloxine procedure for demonstrationg alpha and beta cells of the pancreas is:

A

potassium permanganate

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53
Q

A fungi that may appear as a mixture of budding yeast cells and pseudohypha elements in infected tissue is?

A

Cryptococcus

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54
Q

which of the following methods should be used for the demonstration of rickettsia?

a. grocott
b. Giemsa
c. Gridley
d. Fite

A

b. Giemsa

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55
Q

IN PARAFFIN SECTIONS, TOXOPLASMOSIS CHARACTERIZED by in intact cysts and pseudocytes containing parasites that are usualy demonstrated with which procedure?

a. H& E
b. Rhodamine
c. fontana-masson
d. ziehl-neelsen

A

a. H& E

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56
Q

The hematoxylin-basis fuchsin picric acid methos is a techniques sometimes used to demonstrate the early changes of ischemia in:

a. smooth muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. visceral muscle
d. skeletal muscle

A

b. cardiac muscle

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57
Q

A “maltese cros” configuration” is produced in tissue sections by polarization of:

A

Talcum powder

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58
Q

A pigment occurring in Plasmodium parasites that is closely related to formalin pigment is:

A

malarial

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59
Q

In immunoperoxidases staining the colored end product is formed following reduction of_____ and oxidation of ______

A

Reduction of Hydrogen peroxide

and Oxidation of chromogenic substrate

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60
Q

In IHC staining of formalin-fixed tissue, heat-induced epitope retrieval:

a. increases background staining
b. enhances primary staining
c. is needed to demonstrate all tissue antigens
d. has precise end-poins

A

b. enhances primary staining

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61
Q

A cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis would involve the removal of:

A

gallbladder
chol= bile
litho=stone
ectomy= removal

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62
Q

Diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis are caused by which of the following microorganims?

a. bacteria
b. protozoa
c. virus
d. fungi

A

b. protozoa

63
Q

Which of the following procedures is most suitable for demonstrating secretory gradunes in carcimoid tumor?

a. wilder reticulin
b. PAS aniline blue
c. Snook
d. Sevier- Munger

A

d. Sevier- Munger

64
Q

An organism classified with bacteria, possessing both DNA and RNA, and resembling rickettsia in size and staining characteristics is :

A

Clamydia species

65
Q

fixation in primary chromate fixaties is essential if chromaffin substances is to be demonstrated by which procedure?

A

Schmorl

66
Q

Chromaffin-cell tumors of the adrenal gland are known as:

a. adenomas
b. carcinoids
c. leiomysarcomas
d. pheochromocytomas

A

d. pheochromocytomas

67
Q

Granuloma inguinale, a veneral disease, can generally be diagnosed by using which procedure?

A

stainer & stainer

68
Q

A common cause of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lungs of elderly patients is:

A

cardial failure

69
Q

The neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s disease can be demonstrated with the antibody that is specific for:

a. beta-amyloid
b. lysozyme
c. neuron specific enolase
d. S.100

A

a. beta-amyloid

Because Alzheimer’s is due to amyloid deposits

70
Q

When evaluating IF stained cryostat sections, morphologic detail of tissue can be enhanced by examining slides using a fluorescence microscope combined with:

A

Phase contrast microscopy

71
Q

which cells are found predominantly in gray mater of the brain and spinal cord?

A

astrocytes

72
Q

In IHC, efficiency of the chromogen-substrate step can be evaluated by :

A

Omitting the blockage of endogenous peroxidase

(bc chromogen will show non-specific staining
of endogenous peroxidase if good)–internal control

73
Q

The use of heat and prolonged staining with Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin may be used to demonstrate the acid-fast characteristics of certain:

A

Lipofuscins

74
Q

IHC staining can be best adapted for localization of surface antigens by EM following staining with:

A

Colloidal gold

75
Q

A method used for demonstrating acid-fast (viable and nonviable) that will also demonstrate talcum powder is the:

A

Truant stain

76
Q

One of the most useful, yet simple techniques for identifying cell types in the pituitary gland is the:

A

PAS stain

77
Q

The most common basic auxochrome grp enconuntered in dye chemistry is the: a. amino grp NH2

b. carboxyl grp cooh
c. hydroxyl group OH
d. azo groupp N+N

A

a. amino grp NH2

-COOH is acidic auxochrome

78
Q

Hematoxylin solutions generally require a mordant, but the may be used without a mordenat to demonstrate:

A

Copper
lead
iron

due to unmordanted hematoxylin’s ability to form blue dye lake with these metals

79
Q

As chromogenic substrate, AEC is preferred to DAB when:

A

staining melanotic lesions

80
Q

what procedure is used to demonstrate Giardia lamblia

A

Giemsa

81
Q

A tumor associated with asbestos exposure is:

A

mesothelioma

82
Q

A pigment that may be present in the portal area of the liver is associating w/ primary biliary cirrhosis is:

A

Copper

83
Q

Microscopic QC check of an H&E stained section reveals lightly stained nuclei lacking sharp chromatin detail. This indicates:

a. poor fixation
b. poor processing
c. outdated bluing reagent
d. contaminated mountant

A

a. poor fixation

84
Q

The auxochrome is the group present in dyes that:

a. acts as an oxidizer
b. is associated with color
c. is responsible for formic ionic bonds
d. features double bonds involving carbon and nitrogen

A

c. is responsible for formic ionic bonds

@artificial dyes:
- give the dye affinity to the tissue
- salt forming property of electrolytic dissociation
that allows the dye to attach to tissue

85
Q

The naphtthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase technique is useful in identifying which of the following cells?

a. fibroblasts
b. monocytes
c. neutrophils
d. lymphocytes

A

c.neutrophils

AS-D used to identify granulocytes in leukimias. Neutrophils are granulocytes

86
Q

Microscopic examinantion of a Carnoy-fixed control section of kidnet known to contain amyloid fails to show green birefringenve following Congo Red staining: This finding is: a. correct for Congo red

b. indicative of a staining problem
c. the result of improper fixation
d. typical of freshly cut control sections

A

b. indicative of a staining problem

Carnoy sol is preffered for Congo red

87
Q

Pure methyl green used at a slighlt acid pH is considered a specific stain for:

a. aldehydes
b. polysaccharides
c. DNA
d. RNA

A

c. DNA

RNA is for pyronin

88
Q

method used to check dyes for the presence and impurities of other dyes :

A

Chromatography

89
Q

Select the differentiating solution in the Verhoeff-Van Gieson procedure for elastic fibers:

a. weigert iodine solution
b. 5% sodium thisulfate
c. 2% ferric chloride
d. acid alcohol

A

c. 2% ferric chloride

ferric chloride and Iodine serve first as mordants, then oxidizers.

Lastly ferric chloride also serves as differentiator.

90
Q

preparation of simple lipids are performed on ______ tissues.

a. routinely processes paraffin sections
b. frozen sections
c. celloidin processes sections
d. glycol methacrylate sections

A

b. frozen sections

91
Q

color result for elastic fibers with orcinol-new fuchsin technique is :

A

deep violet tinged with brown (elastic fibers)

other elements remain unstained

92
Q

Oxidizer for the Gridley silver impregnation method for reticulin fibers

A

periodic acid

93
Q

A malignant neoplasm of the connective tissue origin is classified as a: a. carcinoma

b. sarcoma
c. adenoma
d. leiomyoma

A

b. sarcoma

94
Q

The Mallory aniline blue technique uses acid fuchsin and an aniline blue orange G phosphotungstic acid to stain:

A

collagen

Fixative: zenker

95
Q

a method used to decrease the tendency of tissue to loosen from slides when placed in silver solution is that of:

A

coating the sections in dilute celloidin solution with 80% alcohol (to harden)

(right after deparafinization and dehydration)

96
Q

The hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid method is a technique sometimes used to demonstrate early chances of ischemia in what typeof muscle?

A

cardiac muscle

97
Q

in the Weigert stain for fibrin, the princible coloring agent is: a. periodic acid

b. crystal violet
c. ponceau-fuchsin
d. phosphotungstic hematoxylin

A

b. crystal violet

98
Q

tissue composed of a network of bony trabecuale separated by interconnecting bone marrow spaces describes what type of bone:

A

concellous (spongy) bone

note:
- compact/cortical bone= hard bone
woven bone= immature bone with bunddles of collagen fibers

99
Q

the reagent used for adjusting the pH to 3.4 in the gomori trichrome stain solution for muscle is:

A

NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

solution is very acidic…to bring pH up to 3.4, a base must be use

100
Q

if 2 two controls are used to check the strenght of a phosphotungsic acid hematoxylin solution, depending on the purpose of the stain. Select the correct control pair

a. striated muscle and smooth muscle
b. striated muscle and colagen
c. striated muscle and epithelium
d. striated muscle and brain

A

d. striated muscle and brain

Mallory PTAH stains striated muscle and glial cells

If pale blue stain= solution has overoxidized
3 month oxidation in sunlight or potassium permaganate

101
Q

Connective tissue cells actively involved in wound healing:

A

Fibroblast

only CT cells

102
Q

Surgical powder contains starch that will give a positive reaction with this solution:

a. langhan’s iodine
b. AB ph 2.5
c. congo red
d. best carmine

A

a. langhan’s iodine

starch- blue

103
Q

a fluorescent dye used in Pickett’s method for mucin and mast cells is:

a. thioflavin T
b. congo red
c. auranone )
d. acridine orange

A

d. acridine orange

mucin and mast cells fluresce orange-red

104
Q

In order to specifically identify mucin using the PAS reaction:

a. the procedure must combine with AB
b. cryostat sections of fresh-frozen tissue must be used
c. tissue sections must be oxidized with chromic acid instead of periodic acid
d. glycogen must first be removed by diastase digestion

A

d. glycogen must first be removed by diastase digestion

because both glycogen and mucin are positive for PAS. once glycogen removed, then positive staining for mucin can be interpreted

105
Q

glycogen is found in the liver, muscles, parathyroids and:

a. kidneys
b. spleen
c. lungs
d. skin

A

d. skin

106
Q

when tissue sections are overoxidized with periodic acid in the PAS stain, it will cause this substance to become PAS positive:

a. sialic acid
b. hyaluronic acid
c. keratin sulfate
d. keratin

A

a. sialic acid

sialomucins ( sub-mammary gland, s. intestine, fetal mucin)

107
Q

A substance used to block PAS reactivity of non-glycogen PAS+ substances:

a. diastase
b. dimedome
c. bromine
d. hyaluronidase

A

b. dimedome

increases the specificity of PAS staining for glycogen

108
Q

The oldest staining reaction for polysaccharides involves color formations when exposed to:

a. iodine
b. sulfuric acid
c. schiff reagent
d. mucicarmine

A

a. iodine

109
Q

Aside from staining amyloid, Thioflavin T will stain:

A

paneth cells,
keratin,
zymogen granules and juxtaglomerular apparatus

110
Q

certain acid mucosubstances will stain metachromatically re to red-purple when stained with this dye:

a. alcian blue
b. toluidine blue O
c. crystal violet
d. methylene blue

A

b. toluidine blue O

cid mucosubstancestain at pH 4.5

note:
sulfated -mucosubs are metachomatic at pH2
-carboxylated mucosubs at pH5

111
Q

congo red is used to stain amyloid; although not a conventional method, it will also stain:

a. eosinophils
b. mast cells
c. basophills
d. plasma cells

A

a. eosinophils

to remember: congo red stains collagen which is eosinophilic

112
Q

This oxidizing agent has been found to be useful in distinguishing primary amyloid (AL) from secondary amyloid (AA)

a. sodium iodate
b. periodic acid
c. chromic acid
d. potassium permanganate

A

d. potassium permanganate

in oxidized sections with potassium permanganate:
AL= remain the same
(enzyme alteration origin at IG light chains k/l)

AA= diminished staining and not apple-green birefringence (enzyme alteration origin at liver)

113
Q

two characteristics common to all types of amyloid are:

a. Ig light chain and plasma cell disorders
b. calcitonin and medullary thyroid carcinoma
c. stainability with iodine and congo red
d. PAS-positive renal and liver deposits

A

c. stainability with iodine and congo red

114
Q

A substance that is used to block PAS+ rxn of neutral polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and allows staining of PAS+ epithelial sulfomucins and sialmucins:

a. hyaluronidase
b. phenylhydralized hryochloride
c. diastase
d. dimedone

A

b. phenylhydralized hryochloride

115
Q

In the Best’s Carmine method for glycogen. The principle of this rxn is based on ______ bonding at a high pH where binding to glycol groups of glycogen occurs:

a. covalent bonding
b. ionic bonding
c. hydrogen bonding
d. radical bondind

A

b. ionic bonding

116
Q

a dye that will bond with the surface ions of amyloid is:

a. crystal violet
b. congo red
c. thioflavin T
d. sirius red

A

d. sirius red

117
Q

Periodic acid thioin-KOH-PAS methos is primarily used to differentiate _______mucin form those found in other areas

A

colonic mucin

118
Q

To differencially diagnose primary adenocarcinoma of the lung versus malignant mesothelioma of the pleura, which staining results would favor a diagnosis of mesothelioma:

a. PAS- following diastase, AB-
b. PAS+ following diastase, AB-
c. AB+ following hyaluronidase treatment, PAS+
d. AB- following hyaluronidase, PAS-

A

d. AB- following hyaluronidase, PAS-

Mesotheliomas produce hyaluronic acid (carboxylated acid mucosubs= are PAS-)

119
Q

Methylation of tissue sections for four hrs at 37C will block the basophilia of:

a. sulfated mucosubs
b. carboxylated mucosubs
c. neutral mucosubs
d. carboxylated and sulfated mucosubs

A

b. carboxylated mucosubs

so only sulfated mucosubs will stain with AB

120
Q

hemosiderin is thought to be composed of ferric iron and:

a. protein
b. collagen
c. chromatin
d. fatty acid

A

a. protein

hemorisderin is the breack down product of hemoglobin

121
Q

Small amount of ferric ion are normally found in the:

a. liver
b. lung
c. spleen
d. kidney

A

c. spleen

122
Q

Although not a conventional method, Grocott methenamine silver for fungi, will also demonstrate:

a. melanin
b. argyrophilic cells
c. ferric iron
d. hemoglobon

A

a. melanin

Grocott methenamine is a argentaffin method and melanin is argentaffin

123
Q

calcium salt that can be polarized because of its birefringence is:

a. calcium oxalate
b. calcium carbonate
c. calcium phosphate
d. calcium sulfate

A

a. calcium oxalate

124
Q

The pH considered optimal for the demonstration of hemosiderin with Purssian blue is:

a. 1
b. 1.5
c. 2
d. 2.5

A

b. 1.5

bc it uses HCl

125
Q

Okajima’s stain is based on the affininty of hemoglobin for:

a. sudab blck B
b. silver nitrate
c. potassium ferrocyanide
d. alzarin red S

A

d. alzarin red S

is the primary dye in the Okajima stain

126
Q

Argentaffin procedures can be made more specific for melanin by first oxidizing the non-melanin reducing substances using:

a. sodium thisulfate
b. ammonical silver
c. hydroquinone
d. iodine

A

d. iodine

is a mild oxidizing agent

127
Q

Churukian-schenk for demonstrating agyrophilic cells uses pH:

A

4.2

128
Q

sodium potassium rhodizante is used to demonstrate:

a. silver
b. copper
c. lead
d. calcium

A

c. lead (red)

129
Q

gold can be demonstrated by treating tissue with:

a. silver nitrate
b. copper sulfate
c. stannous chloride
d. lead nitrate

A

c. stannous chloride

130
Q

Zincon is used to detect the presence of cobalt, magnesium, zinc and:

a. lead
b. mercury
c. antimony
d. copper

A

d. copper

131
Q

pigments in this organ are considered tho be some of the most difficult to differentiate on routine staining:

a. lung
b. liver
c. spleen
d. kidney

A

b. liver

many pigments can occur at liver:
lipofuchsin , hemofuschsin, ceroid, iron

132
Q

an increase of this metal has been reported to occur in alzheimer’s disease:

a. iron
b. aluminum
c. copper
d. calcium

A

b. aluminum

133
Q

this pigment will stain black with cresyl fast violets, bown with potassium dichromate, and will fluoresce golden-brown under UV light:

a. lipofuchsin
b. hemofuchsin
c. hemosiderin
d. ceroid

A

d. ceroid

yellow globules in liver cells or large phahgocytes of the liver

134
Q

Staines of lung stained with GMS and PAS show positive staining of what appear to be crytococcus organisms. However, the same val shaped bodies are seen in no granulomatous areas and on edges of the tissue. This “positive” staining material is:

a. calcium
b. ceroid
c. talcum powder
d. asbestos

A

c. talcum powder

is positive in GMS ad PAS

Note:

a diastase of malt also PAS+ and GMS+

135
Q

which of the following chemicals function as an oxidizer in some hematoxylin solutions:

a. acetic acid
b. aluminum ammonium sulfate
c. ammoium hydroxide
d. potassium permanganate

A

d. potassium permanganate

as well as:
sodium iodine and mercuric oxide

136
Q

a compound containing benzene ring with other atomic groupings associated with color is:

a. auxochrome
b. chromogen
c. phromophore
d. dye

A

b. chromogen

137
Q

Weigert iron hematoxylin becomes too weak to use after 1-3…:

a. days
b. weeks
c. months
d. years

A

a. days

3day!!!
its becomes overoxidized rapidly and it wont stain nucleai black

138
Q

ciliated epithilium can be found in the:

a. GI tact
b. male reprouctive tract
c. renal tubule
d. respiratory sys

A

d.respiratory sys

cells contain cilia (movement) where mucus/ fluid if found

epithilum of s.intestine and renal tubules - have microvilli!!!(absorption) “brush boarder”

139
Q

an orthochromatic dye will stain tissue:

a. different from the dye color
b. several different dyes
c. nuclei only
d. the color of the stain used

A

d. the color of the stain used

**blue dye will stain blue

140
Q

when acetic acid is added to a solutions of eosin, it acts as a:

a. accelerator
b. accentuator
c. aceeptor
d. activator

A

b. accentuator

(as a dilute acid)

it helps reduce the pH of eosin to optimal pH 4.6-5

if:
pH >7 = no eosin stain

pH<4 = non specific eosin sstain

141
Q

A dye solution that is made colorless. Next, the reaction product is oxidized to restore chromophoric grps and color. This dye is known as:

ex. Schoff

A

Leuco dye solution

142
Q

sections of brain float off the slides as they are being deparaffinized and run to alcohols. To adhere the sections to slides before staining, coat the slides and sections with:

a. carbowax
b. celloidin
c. polyethylene glycol
d. paraffin

A

b. celloidin

absolute alcohol-> celloiding-> 70-80% alcohol (to harden)

OJO: disadvantages

-celloidin coating is a carbohydrate (cellulose)
_ stains w/ PAS, mucicarmine and AB

143
Q

Techniques to decolorize stains:

ex. H&E

A
  1. by using solution whose pH is opposite to the stain (by IEP)
    eosin-> water/ bluing ammoinia water
    hematoxylin-> acetic acid/HCl
  2. by excess mordant.
    (ex. verhoeff van gieson and Weil)
144
Q

In an H&E set-up, the container filled with dilute ammonia water has coating of white gritty material. To remove this material:

A

discard bluing agent. Fill container with fresh COLD water + small amount of HCl (1:100)

To prevent:
-agitate the slides in WARM running water prior to bluing water

145
Q

A fungus that may have a mixture of budding yeast-cells and pseudohypal elements in infected tissue

A

Candida

146
Q

Brief exposure of frozen sections of skeletal muscle to formalin will cause an artifact. (Gomori trichrome)

T or F

A

True.

with exposure to formalin the muscle section will begin to stain red instead of green.

147
Q

refractive areas of the nuclei and a brown, granular, pigment-like artifact scattered throughout the section. are caused by?

A

Drying artifact
(letting slides dry and not dipping slides in xylene before mounting)

** applied to enzyme histochem slides**

148
Q

microtomy artifacts prone to bloody tissue

A
  • parched earth (from warm water bath)
  • chatter/microviration
  • moth-eater holes from facing
149
Q

air drying of smears for PAP stain results in:

A

enlargement of the entire cell

  • compromises interpretetaion of slide
  • cells lose affinity for stains
  • occurs when there is a delay after sp collection before alcohol fix

*** only good for Diff-quick/ Wright Giemsa

150
Q

to rehydrate an air dried smear for PAP stain

A

place slides in normal saline for 30sec, then fix in 95% ethanol

151
Q

Perls stain is also known as

A

Purssian blue stain

152
Q

Aldehyde fuchsin has strong affinity for:

A

Elastic fibers and Sulfated mucosubstances (Beta cells of pancreas )

153
Q

EM ultramicrotome thickness of color

A

silver= 49-60nm

gold= 90nm

154
Q

Acetic acid in H&E stain

A

Eosin= to keep pH at 4.6-5 to reduce nonspecific stainings

Hematoxylin= to make it more specific to nucleus, less non specific

htl (6 decks)

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