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Biochem 2 > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

without adequate glucose, there are ______ and ______ effects

A

Adrenergic and neuroglycopenic affects

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2
Q

adrenergic examples

A

autonomic:

  • trembling
  • palpitations
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3
Q

Neuroglycopenic examples

A
  • headache

- confusion

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4
Q

Who produces glucose?

A

Liver

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5
Q

Hepatic vein has a ____ [glucose]

A

high

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6
Q

Portal vein has a _____ [glucose]

A

low

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7
Q

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

A

Glut2 deficiency

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8
Q

2 sources of glucose in liver

A

(1) Glycogen

(2) Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Glycogen sustains blood glucose for a _______ after a meal

A

a few hours

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10
Q

Gluconeogenesis sustains blood glucose for _____ in the absence of carbohydrate intake

A

many days

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11
Q

when does gluconeogenesis becomes a major source of glucose?

A

16 hr after starvation

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12
Q

Gluconegenesis products and synthesis

A

2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH +6H20 –> Glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6Pi + 2NAD+ +2H+

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13
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the rxn from pyruvate to OAA

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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14
Q

enzyme from OAA to Phosphoenolpyruvate and co-factor needed and what is released?

A

PEP carboxykinase with the help of GTP

  • CO2 is released
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15
Q

enzyme from F-1,6 BP to F6P

A

F-1,6-BPase

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16
Q

enzyme from G6P to Glucose

A

G6Phosphatase

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17
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occurs?

A
  • liver 80%

- kidney 20%

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18
Q

Subcellular location:

pyruvate carboxylase

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

Subcellular location:

most rxn

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Subcellular location:

glucose-6-phosphatase

A

ER

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21
Q

precursors for Gluconeogenesis (4)

A

(1) pyruvate
(2) lactate
(3) aa
(4) glycerol

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22
Q

Glycerol enters the pathway through

A

DHAP

23
Q 
A patient has an infection by a bacterium that produces an endotoxin that blocks phosphoenoloyruvate carboxykinase.  This causes an inhibition of glucose synthesis from:
A. Glycogen
B. Lactate 
C. Glycerol
D. Phosphoenolpyruvate
E. Fatty acids
A

B. Lactate

24
Q

OAA out of the mito.

A
  • malate conversion using NADH
25
Q

pyruvate carboxylase rxn needs what co-factor

A

Biotin-CO2

26
Q

Hypoglycemia can be caused by a deficiency of each of the following enzymes except

A. 	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
B. 	Glucose-6-phosphatase.
C. 	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
D. 	Pyruvate carboxylase.
E. 	Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
A

E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase.

27
Q

A young patient presents with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly. You suspect a Type I glycogen storage disease. Microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum) have been isolated from the patient and a control. When incubated with radiolabelled 32P-glucose 6 phosphate, the microsomes of the patient do not accumulate isotope, while the normal controls do. Where is the most likely defect?

A. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the micosomes
B. Microsomal glucose transporter
C. Microsomal glucose 6-phosphate transporter
D. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the cytosol
E. Microsomal phosphate transporter

A

B. Microsomal glucose transporter

28
Q

pyruvate carboxylase is inducible by

A

acetyl-CoA

29
Q

F-1,6-Bpase is induced by

A

citrate

30
Q

F-1,6-BPase in inhibited by

A

AMP, Fructose-2,6-BP

31
Q

Glucagon

A

activates gluconeogenesis

32
Q

which tissue does glucagon does not target?

A

muscle

33
Q

PFK2 coordinates

A

GLycolysis and gluconeogenesis

34
Q

liver pyruvate kinase is inhibited by

A

glucagon and epinephrine

35
Q

Cory Cycle

A

the glucose transfer between RBC and liver after liver went through gluconeogenesis using lactate

36
Q

Cahill cycle

A

the glucose transfer between RBC and liver after liver went through gluconeogenesis using alanine

37
Q

production of NADH inhibits

A

gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Which statement about the Cahill cycle is TRUE?
a. All of the reactions occur in the liver.
b. Alanine is produced by the skeletal muscle and transported to liver for use as a gluceoneogenic substrate.
c. All participating enzymes are located in skeletal muscle.
d. Free glucose is produced in the cytosol of skeletal muscle cells and is transported across
the cell membrane into blood by a specific glucose transport system.
e. It is the metabolic process by which glycogen is synthesized from and degraded to glucose 1-phosphate.

A

b. Alanine is produced by the skeletal muscle and transported to liver for use as a gluceoneogenic substrate.

39
Q

What happens in Fanconi-bickel syndrome during starvation?

A

liver cannot put out glucose beucase Glut2 is deficient

40
Q

Glycerol can turned into

A

DHAP

41
Q

what will determine if the Malate transport is used?

A

ratio of NADH/NAD+

42
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase consumes for the rxn from pyruvate to OAA

A

1 ATP

43
Q

coenzyme for pyruvate Carboxylase

A

Biotin

44
Q

Avadin has high affinity for _____ and can cause deficiency

A

biotin

45
Q

pyruvate carboxylase consumes ____ for the rxn of OAA to PEP

A

GTP

46
Q

pyruvate carboxylase is promoted by

A

acetyl-CoA

47
Q

Fructose-1,6,-BPase is promoted by _______ and inhibited by _______

A

promoted by citrate and inhibited by AMP and F26BP

48
Q

Hormone regulation:

PEP–> glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

  • promoted by glucagon
  • inhibited by insulin
49
Q

Hormone regulation:

OAA—> PEP

A

Gluconeogenesis

  • promoted by glucagon
  • inhibited by insulin
50
Q

Hormone regulation:

PEP—> pyruvate

A

oxidation

  • promoted by insulin
  • inhibited by glucagon
51
Q

targets carbohydrates and lipids for catabolism

A

Glucagon

52
Q

in general _____ causes removal of phosphate on enzyme

A

insulin

53
Q

in general, _____ causes phosphorylation of enzyme

A

glucagon

54
Q

alcohol metabolism creates excess _____ which drains _____

A

Excess NADH which drains OAA

Biochem 2 (14 decks)

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