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Anatomy 1 > Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Trachea, Lungs, Diaphragm > Flashcards

Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Trachea, Lungs, Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the removal of pleural fluid. What is the clinical relevance of this?

A
  • Thoracocentesis
  • A needle is inserted into the costodiaphragmatic recess at the 7th or 8th intercostal space and ventral to the costochondral junction
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2
Q

______ is an invasive procedure that involves using a needle and catheter to remove fluid (called a pericardial effusion) from the sac around the heart (the pericardium).

A

Pericardiocentesis

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3
Q

The _____ ______ is the oval opening into the cranial part of the thoracic cavity. What are its boundaries?

A

-Thoracic Inlet
-Bilaterally: The first pair of ribs
Dorsally: The first thoracic vertebra
Ventrally: The manubrim of the sternum

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4
Q

What organs traverse the aperture of the thoracic inlet?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Espohagus
  3. Vagosympathetic nerve trunks
  4. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
  5. Phrenic nerves
  6. First two thoracic spinal nerves
  7. Several vessels
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5
Q

The walls of the ____ ____ are formed by the muscles, bones, and ligaments of the thoracic wall. It is bounded by the subserous ______ _____.

A
  • Thoracic cavity

- Endothoracic fascia

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6
Q

What is endothoracic fascia?

A

Areolar tissue that attaches the muscles, ligaments, and bones to the underlying costal and diaphragmatic pleurae

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7
Q

____ are serous membranes that line the wall of the thorax and cover the lungs. They form right and left sacs that enclose the ____ ____.

A
  • Pleura

- Pleural cavities

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8
Q

What are the two kinds of pleura?

A
  1. Parietal

2. Pulmonary (visceral)

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9
Q

____ pleura for the walls of pleural cavities. What are the three parts?

A
  • Parietal
    1. Costal
    2. Mediastinal
    3. Diaphragmatic
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10
Q

The _____ pleurae is the cranial extent of the parietal pleura in the pleural cavity extending through the thoracic inlet. Which side is bigger?

A
  • Cupula

- Left

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11
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the cupula pleurae?

A

It can be mistakenly opened during caudal neck surgery or neck injury causing pneumothorax, which is air in the pleural cavity

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12
Q

The visceral portion of the pleura is called the ____ pleura. What does it adhere to?

A
  • Pulmonary

- Adheres tightly to the surface of the lungs and follows all of their irregularity

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13
Q

What are pleural recesses and why do they occur?

A
  • They are spaces where regions of parietal pleura are directly applied to each other
  • This occurs because the parietal pleura forming the pleural sac is larger than the space the lungs occupy, or the pulmonary pleura
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14
Q

What are the two pleural recesses?

A
  1. Costodiaphragmatic

2. Costomediastinal

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15
Q

The _____ is the space between the right and left pleural sacs.

A

Mediastinum

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16
Q

What organs are enclosed in the mediastinum?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Heart
  3. Aorta
  4. Trachea
  5. Esophagus
  6. Vagus nerves
  7. Other nerves and vessels
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17
Q

The mediastinum is divided into three parts by the heart. What are they?

A
  1. Cranial mediastinum
  2. Middle mediastinum (occupied by the heart)
  3. Caudal mediastinum
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18
Q

The roots of the lungs divide the mediastinum into two parts. What are they?

A
  1. Dorsal mediastinum

2. Ventral mediastinum

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19
Q

What is unique about the mediastinal pleura in the dog, horse, and sheep? What is the clinical relevance of this?

A

-The mediastinal pleura has fenestrations or perforations. Because of these holes, if pneumothorax occurs, it is most often bilateral.

20
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory tract? What is in each part?

A
  1. Upper respiratory: Respiratory structures between the nares and lungs including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
  2. Lower respiratory: Lungs
21
Q

What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract, and what are its other functions?

A
  • Main: conducting air to and from the lungs

- Other: modification of inspired air, thermoregulation, defense against harmful substances, olfaction

22
Q

What is the main function of the lower respiratory tract? Where does this function occur?

A
  • Main function: Gas exchange- exchange of oxygen from the atmosphere with carbon dioxide from the blood
  • Occurs in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
23
Q

What are the two parts of the trachea? Where does the trachea start and end?

A
  1. Cervical part- starts from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
  2. Thoracic part- ends at the bronchi
24
Q

The trachea enters the thoracic cavity to the ____ of the esophagus, then turns ____ to the esophagus. It ends at the ____ of the ____.

A
  • Right
  • Ventral
  • Base
25
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea.

A
  • Tracheal cartilage made of hyaline cartilage composed of 35 incomplete rings
  • Tracheal muscle made of smooth muscle that connects the tracheal cartilage dorsally
  • Annular ligaments of the trachea made of fibroelastic tissue that connects consecutive tracheal rings
26
Q

At what vertebra does tracheal bifurcation occur? What does it bifurcate into? Is it dorsal or ventral to the base of the heart?

A
  • T4 to T5
  • Left and right primary bronchi
  • Dorsal
27
Q

The _____ ____ is the crest inside the bifurcation of the trachea.

A

Tracheal carina

28
Q

The lungs serve a _____ function in the mechanical act of breathing or respiration. What does this mean?

A
  • Passive

- It expands according to the volume of the thoracic cavity

29
Q

Each lung contains a concave ____ that lies adjacent to the diaphragm and an ____ that lies in the thoracic inlet.

A
  • Base

- Apex

30
Q

What are the four surfaces of the lungs and where are they located?

A
  1. Costal- lateral, against the ribs
  2. mediastinal- face the opposite lung
  3. Diaphragmatic- Against the diaphragm
  4. Interlobar- Contact adjacent lobes of the same lung
31
Q

What are the lobes and parts of the lobes of the left lung?

A
  1. Cranial lobe
    - cranial part
    - caudal part
  2. Caudal lobe
32
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A
  1. Cranial lobe
  2. Middle lobe
  3. Caudal lobe
  4. Accessory lobe
33
Q

From the right and left sides, how can you see the accessory lobe of the right lung?

A
  • Left side: Seen through the caudal mediastinum

- Right side: Seen through the plica venae cavae

34
Q

The _____ ____ ___ is a fold of pleura from the right caudal mediastinum that surrounds the caudal vena cava.

A

Plica venae cavae

35
Q

The ____ lobe of the right lung passes dorsal to the caudal vena cava.

A

accessory

36
Q

What is the cardiac notch, where is it located, and what is its clinical relevance?

A
  • It is a tissue between the cranial and middle lobes of the right lung, located at the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces.
  • It exposes the right ventricle of the heart so that a cardia puncture can be performed here
37
Q

True or False: Both the left and right lungs have a cardiac notch, but it is not obvious on the left lung.

A

True

38
Q

What is the duel blood supply of the lungs and what are their functions?

A
  • Pulmonary vessels that function as the lungs and perform gas exchange
  • Bronchial vessels that supply nutrients for the lungs by providing a regular systemic blood supply to the lower respiratory tract
39
Q

Pulmonary vessels transport ____ blood to the lungs and return ____ blood from the lungs.

A
  • Deoxygenated

- Oxygenated

40
Q

What is the path of blood flow through pulmonary vessels?

A 
Deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle:
1. pulmonary trunk
2. Left and right pulmonary arteries
3. Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
41
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the bronchial vessels to supply the lungs with blood?

A

Left ventricle–> aorta–>

  1. Right 5th or 6th intercostal artery
  2. Bronchoesophageal arteries
  3. Bronchial arteries
42
Q

The _____ of the lung are the area where vessels and bronchi enter the lungs.

A

Hilus

43
Q

The ____ of the lung is the aggregation of structures which enter the lungs.

A

Root

44
Q

The ______ is a musculotendious plate between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. What are its functions and how is it innervated?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Functions: aids in respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • Nerve supply: Right and left phrenic nerves
45
Q

What are the four parts of the diaphragm?

A
  • Central tendon
  • Sternal part
  • Costal part
  • Lumbar part (Right crus and left crus)
46
Q

There are three openings in the diaphragm that serve as a passage of structures from the thoracic to abdominal cavities. What are they and what passes through each?

A
  1. Aortic hiatus (aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct)
  2. Esophageal hiatus (esophagus and vagal nerve trunks)
  3. Foramen vena cava (caudal vena cava)
47
Q

Where can lung auscultation and percussion be performed?

A

Triangular area of auscultation and percussion

  • Cranial: triceps and teres major muscliest the 5th rib
  • Dorsal: Back muscles at ribs 5-11
  • Basal Border (caudoventral)- 6th rib at the costochondral junction, to mid 8th rib, to dorsal 11th rib

Anatomy 1 (11 decks)

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