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Dermatology > Skin Cancer Overview > Flashcards

Skin Cancer Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of skin cancer?

A

non-melanomatous (from keratinocytes)
- BCC
- SCC
Melanoma (from melanocytes)

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2
Q

what is BCC?

A

arises from basal layer

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3
Q

what is SCC?

A

arises from suprabasal layer

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4
Q

how is skin cancer incidence changing?

A

increasing worldwide in fair skin populations

SCC increased 334% from 1990-2011

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5
Q

what is responsible for increase in skin cancer?

A 
ageing population (mainly SCC)
behavioural change
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6
Q

how common is melanoma?

A

only 6% of all skin cancers but 75% of skin cancer death
most common type in 16-24 year olds
but sees the same increase in incidence

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7
Q

why are melanomas dangerous?

A

melanocytes are mobile cells as they move to skin from neural crest so can therefore quickly metastasise (e.g via lymphatics)

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8
Q

what is Breslow thickness?

A

depth of tumour

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9
Q

how does Breslow thickness effect survival?

A 
<1mm = 95-100% 5 year survival
>4mm = 50%
metastases = 5%
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10
Q

ABCDE of melanoma diagnoses?

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter (>6mm)
Evolution (changes over weeks/months)
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11
Q

how do you measure a mole?

A

take 2 measurements and then take same measurements again 6-8 weeks later

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12
Q

what is the ugly duckling sign?

A

one mole in a collection of many moles looks different

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13
Q

what colour are melanomas?

A

can be black, red, brown or colourless

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14
Q

what causes a halo (pale area) around a melanoma?

A

immune system attacking the cancer

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15
Q

are people with many moles at an increased risk of melanoma?

A

yes

even higher risk if anyone in family has had a melanoma

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16
Q

what is the most common skin cancer?

A

basal cell (75%)

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17
Q

what are the features of a BCC?

A 
slow growing lump or non-healing ulcer
painless
locally invasive but doesn't metastasise
usually can be cured with skin surgery
pearly appearance
central ulcer
arborizing blood vessels
18
Q

what are the features of squamous cell carcinoma?

A 
warty, crusted lump or ulcer
arises on sun damaged skin
faster growth
can be painful or bleed
more potential to spread
19
Q

what can a superficial BCC be misdiagnosed as?

A

eczema
psoriasis
looks like a scaly plaque

20
Q

how do morphoeic (infiltrative) BCCs present?

A

like a scar
poorly defined
more difficult to define and remove

21
Q

what are 4 types of BCC?

A

superficial
nodular/nodulocystic
morphoeic
pigmented

22
Q

which is more aggressive BCC or SCC?

A

SCC

causes most non-melanoma deaths

23
Q

how does SCC present?

A 
hyperkeratotic lump/ulcer on sun damaged skin
usually well differentiated
can metastasise but not many
grows fast
can be painful or bleed
24
Q

what is a cutenous horn?

A

crusty growth
type of SCC
can often just be scraped off

25
Q

how common is developing another non-melanoma cancer after having one?

A

50% of people get more

26
Q

what are some high risk sites for SCC?

A

ear
lip
scalp

27
Q

where do high risk SCCs often spread?

A

bone

lymphatics

28
Q

where else can SCCs arise apart from sun damaged sites?

A

chronic wounds/ulcers

29
Q

what are actinic keratoses?

A

precancerous skin lesions
highly associated with SCC and BCC
if theres many this indicates a field of abnormality

30
Q

what is bowens disease?

A

very slow growing erythematous plaque which can be a site for SCCs to develop

31
Q

what is the main risk factor for skin cancer?

A

sun exposure

32
Q

what other factors affect skin cancer skin?

A

genetics (skin type)
immunosuppression (eg HPV infection)
environmental carcinogens

33
Q

what genetic factors can increase skin cancer risk?

A

DNA repair syndromes (xeroderma pigmentosum)
albinism
naevoid BCC (gorlins)
epidermolysis bullosa

34
Q

what is XP?

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

genetic disorder where you cant repair sun damaged DNA (NER defect)

35
Q

how does XP present?

A

photosensitivity
photodamage
increased skin cancer risk

36
Q

what does gorlins syndrome increase risk of?

A

BCC

37
Q

what is a hallmark of epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB)?

A

blistering of skin causing mitten deformity of skin

due to deficiency of type 7 collagen

38
Q

what does epidermolysis bullosa increase the risk of?

A

SCC

39
Q

what does immunosuppression increase risk of?

A

SCC

40
Q

what is often seen in the hands of transplant patients?

A

field cancerisation
AKs
SCCs
etc

41
Q

what environmental carcinogens can increase skin cancer risk?

A 
coal tar
ionising radiation
trauma
chronic ulceration
smoking

Dermatology (38 decks)

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