Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT: Nutrition Exam 1 > Infants & Early Childhood > Flashcards

Infants & Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of nutrition in infants

A
  • vital to growth & development
  • maintenance of all body function
  • fluid balance & electrolyte maintenance
  • healing & prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Weight doubles by what age?

A

5 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Weight triples in what age?

A

1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Length increases ______% by 5 months of age

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Length increases ______% by 1 year

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The brain is ______% of adult size at birth

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The brain reaches ____% of adult size by 1 year

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 things you look at in nutrition assessment in infants?

A
  1. Anthropometry & growth
  2. Diet history
  3. Social & environmental considerations
  4. Physical assessment
  5. Estimating nutrient needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anthropometry of infants

A
  • weight
  • length/height
  • weight for length (proportion)
  • head circumference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long do you measure head circumference?

A

First 3 years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Weighing an infant

A

Should be nude or wearing only clean, dry diaper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Measuring length/height in infant

A
  • 2 people often needed to get an accurate measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ can help separate normal growth patterns from abnormal ones

A

Growth charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Growth charts

A
  • use WHO & CDC

- information is only as good as the accuracy of measurements, age determination and plotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What charts are recommended by WHO to use in 0-2 years?

A
  • weight for age
  • length for age
  • weight for length
  • head circumferance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What charts are recommended by CDC in years 2-20 years?

A
  • weight for age
  • stature for age
  • BMI for age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Infants used to construct WHO charts were…

A
  • breastfed at least 4 months
  • introduced to complementary foods between 4-6 months
  • continued to be breastfed until 12 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Charts published by the CDC are based on pooled data from ____ national health and nutrition examination surveys

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why use WHO growth charts?

A
  • growth of breastfed infant has been established as norm for growth
  • provides better description of physiological growth in infants
  • based on high quality study designed explicitly for creating growth charts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monitoring growth

A
  • use appropriate growth chart
  • monitor trends in growth, not value
  • normals fall within 5-95%
  • evaluate changes in percentiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

BMI > ____ percentile is classified as overweightin children

A

85th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diet history of infant

A
  • formula
  • foods consumed (as applicable)
  • fluids consumed
  • frequency of feedings
  • vitamin/mineral supplement
  • use of nutrition support (tube, parenteral)
  • diarrhea or vomiting?
  • feeding environment
  • allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social and environmental considerations in child nutrition

A
  • family structure
  • insurance & financial situation
  • culture & religious considerations (diet, fasting, vegan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Physical assessment in nutrition in children

A
  • evaluation of muscle & subcu fat mass

- appearance of skin, eyes, hair, lips & nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Evaluation of muscle & subcu fat mass reflects what in children?

A

Adequacy of protein & calorie provision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Appearance of skin, hair, eyes, lips and nails can reflect what in infant nutrition

A

Hydration status and nutrient deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do you look at in estimating nutrient needs in infants?

A
  • calories
  • protein
  • fluid
  • vitamins/minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the major determinants of caloric needs in infants?

A
  • BMR
  • activity level
  • increased needs of growth
  • stress (infection, surgery, illness)
  • others (thermic effect of food)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are 2 equations you can use to estimate the energy needs of a child?

A

DRI (dietary reference intake)

EER (estimated energy requirements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

EER for infants

A

Kcal/day

(89 x wt -100)

+ 175: 0-3mo
+56: 4-6mo
+22: 7-12mo
+20: 13-35mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

EER 3-18 years

A

Different charts for boys vs girls

  • height in meters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When do you start to look at physical activity values in children?

A

3-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sedentary

A

Typical daily living activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Low active

A

30-60 min daily moderate activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Active

A

> 60 min daily moderate activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Very active

A

> 60 min daily moderate activity + 60 min vigorous activity or 120 min moderate activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Estimating maintenance fluid needs chart

A

2-10kg: 100ml/kg

11-20kg: 1000ml + 50ml/kg

> 20kg: 1500ml + 20ml/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Feeding options for newborns

A

Breastfeed

Formula

39
Q

Breastfeeding guidelines

A
  • minimum of 4 months, preferably 6 months

- continue through at least 1st year of life

40
Q

What is the best alternative to breast feeding in the first year of life?

A

Iron fortified formula

41
Q

T/f whole milk, 1%, 2%, goat’s milk can be used in first 12 months of life

A

FALSE!

Too much protein
Can irritate GI

42
Q

Breastfeeding advantages

A
  • immunological benefits
  • decreased incidence of (ear infections, UTI, gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, bacteremia)
  • convenient & ready to eat
  • reduced chance of overfeeding
  • eliminates preparation errors
  • fosters mother infant bonding
43
Q

Contraindications to breastfeeding

A
  • galactosemia
  • mom invected with HIV
  • infectious lesions close to breast (herpes)
  • mom on drugs
44
Q

Galactosemia

A

Disorder that affects how the body processes galactose

45
Q

3 forms of infant formula

A
  • ready to feed
  • concentration
  • powder
46
Q

Fat amount in formula

A

50% kcals

47
Q

Protein amount in formula

A

8-10% kcals

ratio of hey to casein varies, most 60-40

48
Q

Carbohydrate amount in formula

A

40-45% kcals

49
Q

Caloric density in formula

A

standard formula: 20 cal/oz

50
Q

Micronutrients in formula

A

higher vitamin/mineral content than human milk to cover 97% of population

51
Q

Soy formula uses

A
  • vegetarians
  • lactose deficiency
  • galactosemia
  • IgE mediated allergy to cow’s milk
52
Q

Pre-term infant formula

A
  • unique to premies
  • predominant whey protein
  • cow’s milk based
  • higher protein/calcium
  • 20-50% MCT
  • 20-24 calories/ounce
53
Q

Protein hydrolysate/elemental formula uses

A
  • infants who cannot digest or are allergic to intact protein
  • free amino acids
54
Q

Uses for elemental formulas

A
  • milk soy protein intolerance (MSPI)
  • intractable diarrhea
  • biliary atresia
  • short gut syndrome
  • protein maldigestion/malabsorption
  • eosinophilic esophagitis
55
Q

Similac PM 60/40 lower in:

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
  • sodium
56
Q

Calcilo-XD lower in:

A
  • very low in calcium

- vitamin D free

57
Q

T/F Solids can be eaten by infants 3 months old

A

False!

  • no nutritional need for solids before 6 months
  • some infants may be developmentally ready between 4-6 months
  • early introduction of solids can have negative effect
58
Q

Signs of developmental readiness for starting solid food

A
  • can sit up in high chair with minimal support
  • can hold/support their own head
  • loss of tongue thrust reflex
  • baby should be able to lean forward with open mouth to express hunger and lean back with closed mouth to express satiety
59
Q

T/F solids can be fed in infant feeder or bottle

A

False!

- should be fed with spoon

60
Q

Feeding skills by 4-6 months

A

experience new tastes

give rice cereal with iron

61
Q

Feeding skills by 6-7 months

A

sits with minimal support

add fruits/veggies

62
Q

Feeding skills by 8-9 months

A

improved pincer grasp

add protein foods/finger foods

63
Q

Feeding skills by 10-12 months

A

pulls to stand and reaches for food
add soft table food
allow to self feed

64
Q

Feeding skills by 12-18 months

A

increased independence
stop bottle
practice eating from a spoon

65
Q

Feeding skills by 18months - 2 years

A

growth slows
less interest in eating
encourage self feeding with utensils

66
Q

Feeding skills by 2-3 years old

A

intake varies

exerts control

67
Q

The brain triples in size by what age?

A

6

68
Q

Psychological and social changes in toddlers

A
  • need to develop independence
  • limits must be set
  • control issues
  • ned to feel successful
69
Q

Rule of thumb for toddler food

A

serve about 1/4 - 1/3 of an adult portion OR 1 tbsp of food/year of age

70
Q

T/F when in doubt give less food and let child ask for more in toddlers

A

true

71
Q

What vitamins should be required for children under 6 months who receive iron fortified infant formula?

A

only vitamin D

72
Q

When should fluoride be supplemented in infants?

A

fluoride in areas where content of local water supply less than 0.3ppm

Over 6 months

73
Q

When should you start iron supplement in infant?

A
  • start by 4-6 months preferably with complimentary foods
  • esp those who breastfeed (low in iron)
  • premature babies (fewer iron stores)
74
Q

When should you screen for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants?

A

12 months

75
Q

Vitamin B12 in infants

A

breastfed infant or vegetarian mother

76
Q

How much vitamin D should infants have?

A

ALL infants 4000 IU/day from beginning of birth to childhood

77
Q

Who is vitamin supplementation recommended for in infants?

A
  • malabsorption & liver disease
  • children from deprived families or abuse
  • poor appetite and eating habits, fad diets
  • chronic disease
  • in dietary program for obesity
  • pregnant teens
78
Q

Nutritional concerns in children and adolescents

A
  • malnutrition and pregnancy
  • overweight & obese
  • hyperlipidemia & heart disease
  • bone mineralization & osteoporosis
  • food fads
  • overuse of vitamins
  • eating disorders
79
Q

Malnutrition in infants leads to…

A
  • Weight loss (acute <3 months)
  • Diminished height velocity (chronic >3 months)
  • Head circumference (Chronic >3 months)
  • delayed wound healing
  • loss of lean body mass
  • infections
  • immune dysfunction
80
Q

ASPEN defines malnutrition in infants as imbalance between nutrient requirement and intake resulting in deficits of what?

A
  • energy
  • protein
  • micronutrients
81
Q

Based on etiology, malnutrition in childhood is either:

A
  • illness related (>1 diseases/injuries directly result in nutrient imbalance
  • Environmental/behavioral
    or both
82
Q

When dose atherosclerotic process begin?

A

in childhood

83
Q

T/F childhood cholesterol levels associated with degree of early atherosclerotic changes

A

true

84
Q

Treatment of cardiovascular disease in childhood

A
  • healthy lifestyle (diet/exercise)

- achieve and maintain healthy body weight (monitor trends in weight)

85
Q

When does bone mineralization peak?

A

teenage and young adult years

86
Q

Strategies to maximize bone mineralization

A

Diet: calcium, vit D, Na, P

Weight bearing exercise

87
Q

T/F maximization of peak bone mineralization may decrease the risk of adult osteoporosis

A

true

88
Q

T/F 1/2 of children/adolescents are overweight/obese

A

False

1/3

89
Q

T/F prevalence has more than quadrupled in children and doubled in adolescents in the past 30 years

A

False
Doubled children
Quadrupled adolescents

90
Q

Etiology of pediatric obesity

A
  • genetic (80% if both parents obese)
  • environment
  • dietary intake
  • physical intake/sedentary activity
91
Q

Treatment of pediatric obesity

A
  • multidisciplinary and comprehensive
  • formal behavior modification
  • family based
  • establish healthy habits
92
Q

WIC

A

supplemental nutrition program for women, infants and children

93
Q

Healthy habits in pediatrics

A
  • offer variety of healthy foods and snacks
  • avoid short order cooking
  • encourage fruit and veggie intake
  • no junk food snacking, avoid grazing, limit fast food
  • encourage reading food labels
  • limit intake juice (4oz/day)
  • increase water
  • encourage low fat dairy products
  • make fun physical activity a habit
  • limit TV to no more than 1-2 hours/day
  • track growth and development carefully
  • be good role model

PT: Nutrition Exam 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions