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Edexcel GCSE Biology > Topic 8- Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8- Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What do cells need for aerobic respiration? What’s the waste product? How do they move?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Diffusion

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2
Q

How’s water taken up by cells? What also moves with it?

A

Osmosis

Dissolved food molecules and mineral ions

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3
Q

Where and how is urea removed from the body?

A

It diffuses from cells to blood plasma for removal from body via kidneys.

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4
Q

What affects the ability to exchange substances with its environment?

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

How does size affect surface area to volume ratio?

A

Larger = smaller surface area to volume ratio

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6
Q

How to calculate surface area to volume ratios

A

Represent the organism by a block.
Find its area then find its volume.
SA:V
simplify

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7
Q

How do single-celled organisms exchange substances?

Why?

A

Via direct diffusion into/ out of cell across membrane.

Have high surface area to volume ratio so enough substances can be exchanged to supply full cell volume.

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8
Q

How do multicellular organisms transport substances?

A

Have smaller SA:V so is hard to exchange enough to supply full cell volume from outside surface alone.
Need exchange surface (efficient diffusion) and a mass transport system to move between exchange surface and body.
Exchange surfaces are adapted to maximise effectiveness

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9
Q

Factors effecting rate of diffusion

A

DISTANCE- shorter diffusion pathway= quicker
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT- larger gradient = quicker diffusion
SURFACE AREA- more surface area= faster rate of reaction

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10
Q

Where does gas exchange in mammals occur?

A

Alveoli

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11
Q

Function of lungs

A

Transfer oxygen to blood and remove waste carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

Characteristics of blood arriving at alveoli

What happens to this blood?

A

Contains lots of CO2 and not much O2
*Maximises concentration gradient
Oxygen diffuses out of air in alveoli to blood (high to low) CO2 diffuses oppositely to be breathed out.

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13
Q

How are alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion of O2/CO2

A

Moist lining for dissolving of gases
Large blood supply maintaining gradients
V thin walls (shorter diffusion pathway)
Large surface area (more gas exchange to take place)

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14
Q

Fick’s law

A

Rate of diffusion (proportional to) surface area*concentration difference/ thickness of membrane

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15
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

(Red blood cells)

Carry oxygen from lungs to cells in body

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16
Q

Adaptations of erythrocytes

A

Are biconcave so have a LARGE SURFACE AREA for absorbing oxygen.
Have NO NUCLEUS so therefore has more room to carry oxygen
Contain HAEMOGLOBIN (containing iron) which binds to oxygen to become oxyhemoglobin and then releases the oxygen at body cells

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17
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

Defence against infection

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18
Q

2 types of white blood cell

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Phagocytes function

A

Engulfment of unwelcome organisms (phagocytosis)

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20
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Production of antibodies (and sometimes antitoxins which neutralise toxins produced by microorganisms) against microorganisms.

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21
Q

What blood test levels of white blood cells will you have when you have an infection?

A

High as white blood cells multiply during infection to fight it off

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22
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells w no nucleus.

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23
Q

Platelets function

A

Help blood to clot at a wound so blood levels aren’t lost and microorganisms Cant get in.

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24
Q

What can lack of platelets cause?

A

Excessive bleeding and bruising

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25
Q

Plasma

A

Pale liquid carrying everything in the blood.

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26
Q

What does plasma hold?

A 
Red/white blood cells
Platelets 
Nutrients (eg glucose/amino acids) (gut to cells)
Carbon dioxide (organs to lungs)
Urea (liver to kidneys)
Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies/ antitoxins
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27
Q

3 types of blood vessel

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

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28
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels carrying blood away from heart.

29
Q

Capillaries

A

Vessels involved in exchange of materials at the tissues.

30
Q

Veins

A

Vessels carrying blood to the heart.

31
Q

Artery blood pressure

A

HIGH

32
Q

Characteristics of an artery

A

Lumen w thick, elastic, string walls.
Thick walls in comparison to Lumen.
Muscle (strong walls)
Elastic fibres (allowing to stretch and carry pulse)

33
Q

Where do capillaries branch off of?

A

Arteries

34
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Supply food/ oxygen

Take away waste like CO2

35
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

V tiny and narrow
Permeable walls
Thin walls (one cell thick)

36
Q

Adaptations of capillaries

A 
NARROW (can carry blood v close to every cell to exchange substances)
PERMEABLE WALLS (allowing diffusion)
THIN WALLS (short diffusion pathway)
37
Q

What do capillaries join up to form?

A

Veins

38
Q

Blood pressure in veins

A

Lower

39
Q

Vessel w valves

A

Veins

40
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Large Lumen
Valves
Thinner walls w elastic fibre and muscle

41
Q

Adaptations of veins

A 
Thin walls (as blood is lower pressure)
Big Lumen (helps blood flow despite lower pressure)
Valves (keep blood flowing in right direction)
42
Q

Mammals circulatory system type

A

DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(Heart pumps blood around body in 2 circuits
1 deoxygenated blood to lungs to heart
2 oxygenated blood to organs to return to heart deoxygenated)

43
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(Deoxygenatedblood to heart to round body in single circuit)
Picks up oxygen at gills

44
Q

4 chambers of heart

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

45
Q

4 major blood vessels

A

Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava

46
Q

Right atrium function

A

Receives DEOXYGENATED blood from body through vena cava

47
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium, flowing through tricuspid valve to lungs via PULMONARY ARTERY

48
Q

Left atrium function

A

Receives OXYGENATED blood from lungs through pulmonary vein and pushes down into left ventricle

49
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

Receives OXYGENATED BLOOD from left atrium and gives to whole body via aorta

50
Q

Which atrium has the thickest wall?

Why?

A

Left
Because it needs more muscle to pump blood around whole body at high pressure while right ventricle only has to pump into lungs.

51
Q

Valves function

A

Prevent back flow of blood around heart

52
Q

Cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute

53
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

Heart rate (bpm) * stroke volume (cm cubed)

54
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

55
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts

56
Q

Respiration

A

Process of transferring (releasing) energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose).

57
Q

What’s energy from respiration used for?

A 
Metabolic processes (making larger molecules from smaller ones)
Muscle contractions 
Maintaining steady body temp
58
Q

What type of reaction is respiration

A

Exothermic

Transfers energy to environment via heat

59
Q

2 types of respiration

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

60
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in presence of plenty of oxygen.

61
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen&raquo_space; carbon dioxide + water

C6H1206 + 6O2&raquo_space; 6CO2 + 6H2O

62
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in presence of limited oxygen supply

63
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose&raquo_space; lactic acid

64
Q

Why’s lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

Because glucose is only partially broken down

65
Q

Plant anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose&raquo_space; ethanol + carbon dioxide

66
Q

Equipment to measure rate of respiration

A

Respirometer
Woodlice
Water bath

67
Q

Investigation of temperature’s effect on rate of respiration of woodlice.

A
  1. ) put SODA LIME GRANULES in 2 test tubes
  2. ) put cotton wall above soda lime in each test tube. Woodlice in one and same mass glass beads in control test-tube.
  3. ) set up RESPIROMETER
  4. ) use SYRINGE to set fluid in manometer to a known level.
  5. ) leave in water bath at 15 degrees c
  6. ) distance moved by red manometer liquid allows you to calculate volume of oxygen taken in by woodlice per minute (rate of respiration)
  7. ) repeat w different temps
68
Q

What do soda lime granules do

A

Absorb CO2 produced by respiring woodlice

69
Q

Hazards of experiment of temp’s effect on respiration

A

Soda lime is corrosive so wear goggles when handling w gloves
Don’t leave woodlice in respirometer for too long or will suffocate, make sure they don’t come in contact w soda lime

Edexcel GCSE Biology (12 decks)

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