Chapter 3

Question 1

Transduction

Answer 1

Same as sensation; turning info into a signal

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

Decoding of neural signals

Question 3

What is the process of perception? (Think of the sci model)

Answer 3

Stimulus –> energy properties (what makes stim) –> sensory absorption (what sense to use) –> percept

Question 4

What are the 6 cues for object segmentation

Answer 4

Proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, good form

Question 5

Binocular disparity

Answer 5

two eyes see two different things

Question 6

familiar size

Answer 6

general knowledge of what size stuff is

Question 7

linear perspective

Answer 7

lines getting thinner = more distant

Question 8

Motion Parallax

Answer 8

Things in the distance look like they aren’t moving

Question 9

Top down processing

Answer 9

What you know shapes how you see the world

Question 10

Bottom up processing

Answer 10

Start from the external world, take stuff in and use it

Question 11

Gibsons Theory of Direct Perception

Answer 11

the environment gives us everything we need for perception

Question 12

Template Theory

Answer 12

Match what you see to what you know. Template is everything at every angle you know. You match stimulus/input to a template.

Question 13

Feature Analysis Theory

Answer 13

Breaking things down into features and then identifying the combination of features presented to identify the object

Question 14

What is Pandemonium? What are the three parts of pattern recognition?

Answer 14

A model of pattern recognition; data, cognitive demon that examines pattern, decision demon that identifies if there is a feature we want to see

Question 15

Pattern Recognition Model

Answer 15

Parallel distributed processing to do feature analysis - some letters just CAN’T follow some combinations

Question 16

Recognition by Components

Answer 16

Go through your mental library of possible parts, identify its components by breaking object down.

Question 17

Geons

Answer 17

the 36 possible 3D shapes that make up every object

Question 18

Ventral Pathway

Answer 18

“what”; along bottom of brain towards the inferior temporal lobe; identifies shape, colour, identity

Question 19

Dorsal Pathway

Answer 19

“where”; along top of brain towards parietal; responsible for processing the spatial aspects of visual info such as movement and location

Question 20

Fusiform Area

Answer 20

Responsible for facial recognition. Damage to it results in prospognosia (face blindness).

Question 21

Grebels & grebel experts

Answer 21

Screwed up facial representations; grebal experts activate the fusiform area for grebels AFTER they have learned to see them as faces

Question 22

Associative Visual Agnosia & where is the damage?

Answer 22

Describes but cant ID an object; ventral damage

Question 23

Akinetopsia & where is the damage?

Answer 23

motion blindness; dorsal damage

Question 24

Feedforward Connection

Answer 24

From the PVC to the pathways; bottom up processing; influence of environment on perceptual experience

Question 25

Feedback Commection

Answer 25

From pathways to PVC; top down processing; influence of knowledge and expectations on perceptual experience.

Question 26

Parahippocampal Region

Answer 26

Area along ventral stream responsible for place recognition

Question 27

Extrastriate Region

Answer 27

Area along ventral stream responsible for body part recognition

Question 28

Contrast Energy

Answer 28

relative ease with which a stimulus can be differentiated from the background

Question 29

Squelching

Answer 29

tendency of our nervous system to inhibit the processing of unclear features

Question 30

Multiple Trace Model

Answer 30

Traces of every experience are stored in short term memory, no matter how repetitive the event

Question 31

Probe

Answer 31

Snapshot in primary memory that can activate memory traces in secondary memory

Question 32

Context Effect

Answer 32

perception based on knowledge - done via neurons in the PVS

Question 33

Gestalt said what about perception

Answer 33

That it was holistic (focused on the whole) and followed 4 principles

Question 34

What are the 4 Gestalt principles

Answer 34

Similarity, proximity, symmetry, parallelism

Question 35

Denotivity

Answer 35

the degree to which an object had meaning to an observer

Question 36

Patient DF

Answer 36

The card slot example - visual agnosia

Question 37

What do you call a change in visual information as someone moves?

Answer 37

Transformation; optic flow field

Question 38

Visual prepotency

Answer 38

more emphasis on visual to compensate for its sensory weakness

Question 39

Modality Appropriateness

Answer 39

different senses are better at detecting different stimuli, and are hence better used at different times

Question 40

McGurk Effect

Answer 40

how visual input can change auditory perception, so that the percept is something made up; ga/da/ba

Question 41

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 41

A form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot reliably name, match, or discriminate visually presented objects, despite adequate elementary visual function (visual fields, acuity, and color vision).

Question 42

Associative agnosia

Answer 42

A form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot use the derived perceptual representation to access stored knowledge of the object’s functions and associations but is able to copy and match the drawing even though unable to identify it.

Question 43

Asterognosis

Answer 43

The inability to recognize an object by touch