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KP290 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 key characteristics of research?

A

Some Ladies Eat Red Rats

systematic
- plan, identify, design, collect data, evaluate
logical
- examine to evaluate
empirical
- decisions based on data
reductive
- general relationships from data
replicable
- actions recorded and can be repeated
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2
Q

What are the 2 key types of research?

A

basic and applied

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3
Q

What is basic research?

A

aims to expand knowledge base by formulating, evaluating, or expanding a theory

discovering knowledge for the sake of knowledge

research in medical science is usually this

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4
Q

What is applied research?

A

aims to solve practical problems

theoretical concepts tested in real situations

real world is the lab

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5
Q

Why do research?

A

exploration
- develop ideas on a little understood issue
description
- answer who/what/where/when to paint a picture
explanation
- why things happened

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6
Q

What are some unscientific ways to problem solve?

A 
tradition/tenacity
authority figures
intuition/common sense
media
rationalistic method
personal experience
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7
Q

What is tenacity/tradition method of problem solving?

A

clinging to certain beliefs regardless of supporting evidence

“it has always been this way”

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8
Q

What is the authority figures method of problem solving?

A

overestimate the expertise a famous person of authority has

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9
Q

What is the intuition/common sense method of problem solving?

A

“it’s true because it makes sense”

valuable in daily living but has serious fallacies

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10
Q

What is the media method of problem solving?

A

listening to the media, being mislead by visual images

portrayals on TV don’t always reflect the real world

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11
Q

What is the rationalistic method of problem solving?

A

derive knowledge through reasoning

may not work because statements used in the process could be wrong

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12
Q

What is the personal experience method of problem solving?

A

“if it happened to me it must be true”

distortion of judgement

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13
Q

What are the 4 errors we make in personal experience problem solving?

A

selective observations
- observing in a way that reinforces existing thoughts

premature closure
- reaching a decision before achieving the amount of evidence necessary

overgeneralization
- statements that go beyond what can be justified based on data

halo effect
- prior reputations of things colour one’s evaluation

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14
Q

What is a research paradigm/philosophical worldview?

A

how we look at research

“lens” through which we see the world

a bundle of assumptions about reality that can be used to answer research questions

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of research paradigms?

A

epistemology and ontology

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16
Q

What is epistemology?

A

focuses on HOW we acquire knowledge about truth

consists of 3 branches:
positivism, interpretivism, critical realism

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17
Q

What are the branches of epistemology?

A

positivism

  • science based, objective
  • can only study what we can measure
  • uses observation, measurement, generalization

interpretivism

  • subjective
  • there are different ways to “know”
  • makes no generalizations
  • learn to understand the world through other’s eyes

critical realism

  • sees reality in terms of observable/tangible sources
  • power based
  • makes judgements
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18
Q

What is ontology?

A

focuses on WHAT our belief about the truth is

consists of 2 branches:
objectivism
constructivism

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19
Q

What are the branches of ontology?

A

objectivism

  • study things external to the influence of the researcher
  • ex. height

constructivism

  • study socially constructed things
  • beliefs, behaviours
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20
Q

What is methodology?

A

how we collect the information we need to answer our research question

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21
Q

What are the 3 main methodologies?

A

quantitative

  • data = numbers
  • people being studied = subjects

qualitative

  • data = words
  • people being studied = participants

mixed methods
- mix of quantitative and qualitative

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22
Q

What is pragmatism?

A

focused on solutions to problems

not committed to any notion of reality

application focused

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23
Q

What is the transformative worldview?

A

connected to politics and advocacy

based on reform and change

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24
Q

What is two-eyed seeing?

A

mutual strengths of knowledge from Indigenous and Western ways of knowing

equity in knowledge

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25
Q

What is ethics?

A

a set of “right principles”

theory/system of moral values

what we ought to do

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26
Q

What are some examples of unethical studies?

A

WW2

  • frozen to see how long people could survive in freezing water after plane crash
  • injected with tetanus, malaria, etc.

Tuskagee Study

  • studied African-American population with high rates of syphillis
  • believed they responded differently to the disease than other races
  • wanted to see long-term effects until death
  • not offered treatment when it was discovered
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27
Q

What is a code of ethics?

A

principles/guidelines developed by professional organizations to guide research practice and clarify the line between ethical and unethical behaviour

2 categories:
scientific dishonesty/academic misconduct
scientific misconduct

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28
Q

What are the categories of a code of ethics?

A

scientific dishonesty/academic misconduct

  • plagiarism
  • fabrication
  • misleading authorship
  • faulty data gathering

scientific misconduct

  • failing to protect the rights of participants
  • violation of research ethics
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29
Q

What is the Nuremberg Code?

A

result of Nuremberg Trials

international code of moral and ethical behaviour

10 principles to govern ethical conduct of research involving humans

starting point for systematic protection of humans in all areas of research

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30
Q

What are the flaws of the Nuremberg Code?

A

too much responsibility given to principle investigator

assumes principle investigator won’t harm the subject

no one to monitor principle investigator and determine if actions are ethical

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31
Q

What is the Declaration of Helsinki?

A

produced by World Medical Association

founded it’s roots in the Nuremberg Code, but went further and set ethical standards for medical research (specifically experimentation with humans)

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32
Q

What are the CIOMS Guidelines?

A

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

assists countries in defining national policies of the ethics of biomedical research involving humans

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33
Q

What are 3 National Ethics Review Boards/Committees in Canada?

A

national research council/medical research council

natural sciences and engineering research council

social sciences and humanities research council

collectively make up the Tri-Council

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34
Q

What are the principles of Canada’s Tri-Council?

A

A Bear Named Jack

autonomy
- obligation to respect decision making capacities of the autonomous person

beneficence
- obligation to provide benefits and balance benefits against risks

non-maleficence
- obligation to avoid causing harm

justice
- obligation of fairness in distribution of benefits and risks

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35
Q

What is special about Canada’s national research policies?

A

only country to have a statement acknowledging that studies employing social science methods may require different procedures than those for clinical or intervention studies

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36
Q

What are institutional review boards?

A

responsible for carrying out policies outlined by Tri-Council

all universities, hospitals have Research Ethics Boards

research cannot be carried out without REB approval

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37
Q

What do REBs review in an ethics application?

A 
risks
risks versus benefits
subject selection
informed consent
safety/privacy

as well as professionalism, laws, institution mission

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38
Q

What happens once an ethics application has been reviewed?

A

it can be approved, disapproved, request for minor modifications, or request for external review

accepted submissions require a yearly review to determine if requested changes have taken place

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39
Q

What is conflict of interest?

A

reasons why research that is sponsored by a third party may create an ethical conflict

sponsor may :
request suppression of findings tell the researcher what to do
tell researcher what findings they expect

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40
Q

What are the researcher’s main responsibilities?

A

confidentiality

  • ensure all data is kept in confidence/secret from public
  • can’t release info that links specific individuals to specific answers
  • present aggregate data (as a whole)

debriefing

  • explanations provided to the subjects at the end of the study
  • reveal any deception

reparation of harm/reinstatement of well-being
- ensure subjects are relieved of any damage or discomfort produced by their participation

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41
Q

What are the rights of the study subjects?

A

I pick peppers right away

informed consent
protection from harm
privacy
right to withdraw
anonymity
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42
Q

What is the principle of voluntary consent?

A

people should never participate in research unless they explicitly and freely agree to do so

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43
Q

What kind of special populations may lack complete freedom/awareness to give voluntary consent?

A

youth
incarcerated individuals
people under potential coercion
those with less than full physical, mental, emotional, or other capabilities

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44
Q

What is the dilemma associated with electronic data and health records?

A

who gets access to what info?

who consents to the distribution of the contents of a person’s medical file?

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45
Q

What is the TCPS 2?

A

Tri-Council Policy Statement 2nd edition

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46
Q

What are the 3 core principles of the TCPS 2?

A

respect for persons

  • recognizes intrinsic value of humans and the respect/consideration they are due
  • obligation to respect autonomy of individuals involved in research

concern for welfare

  • concern for a person’s quality of life
  • ensuring benefits outweigh risks

justice

  • obligation to treat people fairly and equitably
  • apply special considerations when working with groups that have been treated unfairly
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47
Q

What is a biohazard?

A

any organism or it’s derivative that could negatively influence another organism

ex. blood, sweat, saliva

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48
Q

What is the CCAC?

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care

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49
Q

What is the 3 R’s tenet of the CCAC?

A

replace
- avoid/replace use of animals whenever possible

reduce
- employ strategies that result in fewer animals being used and which are consistent with sound experimental design

refine
- modify procedures to minimize pain and stress

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50
Q

What is ethical residue?

A

wondering if they made the correct choice after a difficult ethical dilemma

51
Q

What are the steps of the research process?

A

Sally Licked Deadly Scorpion Heads And Died Immediately Cause Da Poison Activated

Select problem
Literature search and review
Define the problem
State the problem/research question
Hypothesis generation
Appropriate study design
Define variables
Identify participants
Conduct Study
Data analyses
Publish
Amend research question
52
Q

Describe how to select the problem of interest.

A

I Opened Some Tasty Veggies Right Under The Bed

interest
- balance between the researcher and the community at large

operability
- resources, time

scope
- not too big, not too small

theoretical and practical value
- contribute to field of study and benefit non-research community

values of researcher
- must be objective - biases checked at the door

research methodology
- well written hypothesis, accurate data collection, thorough analysis

unit of analysis
- individuals vs a whole population

time frame

  • realistic
  • study design is main factorr (cross-sectional vs longitudinal)

budget
- feasible

53
Q

What is literature?

A

written information that has been published

provides details on particular topic

54
Q

What are the main types of literature?

A

primary sources
- documentation written by the person who did the research

secondary sources
- books and other written documents by someone who hasn’t done the work first hand

55
Q

What does it mean for an article to be peer-reviewed?

A

process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work/ideas to the scrutiny of other experts

make authors meet the standards of their discipline and of science in general

56
Q

What is a literature search?

A

comprehensive search for info related to your research paper or study

57
Q

What are the ways to find the literature we need?

A 
manual search (1 by 1)
- tedious and time-consuming

computerized search
- electronic search engines/databases/catalogues

58
Q

How do electronic search engines/databases/catalogues work?

A

contain both primary and secondary sources
- but allows you to specify what type of source to include in the search

specific databases for specific fields of study

59
Q

What are some questions to ask when using internet websites as a source?

A

All Parents Take Pride And Achievement Constantly

author

  • qualifications
  • purpose of organization

publisher

  • article peer-reviewed?
  • university vs scholarly vs society vs government agency vs non-profit vs commercial

timelines

  • when published
  • is the info still valid?

purpose

  • why was it written?
  • does it show multiple sides?

audience
- who is this written for?

accuracy*

  • can facts be verified?
  • are conclusions supported

content

  • is the topic covered in depth
  • is this a primary or secondary source
60
Q

How do you define the problem?

A

examine the literature
- explore and challenge findings, replicate studies, extend an existing theory

talk the idea over with others
- those with knowledge and with differing opinions

apply to a specific context
- focus the topic on specific time, society, geographical location

define desired outcome

  • will the research be descriptive, explanatory, or exploratory?
  • will the study involve basic or applied research?
61
Q

What is one of the biggest problems researchers face?

A

narrowing their problem down to a manageable scope

62
Q

What are some practical limitations that have to be considered when beginning to research?

A

time
cost
access to resources
ethics approval

63
Q

What is the difference between a limitation and a delimitation?

A

limitation

  • boundary set by factors/people other than the researcher
  • ex. accommodating to a participant’s school schedule

delimitation

  • boundary set by the research
  • ruling out what they will or will not study
64
Q

How should terms be defined within a study?

A

define them as it relates to the study, keeping in mind people may not know the meaning of some word

65
Q

What are some tips to time a schedule for research?

A

make it realistic

make a list of all required tasks, start to finish

leave a comfort zone/margin for error

66
Q

How should a research question be written?

A

clearly and concisely

single sentence that describes the problem

parsimonious (without fluff)

include specific group/individual, location, and specific “thing” you want to know

ex. I am going to study the effects of …. on …..

67
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

testable statement that offers a predicted relationship between dependent and independent variables

what the researcher expects to find based on theory/experiences

68
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

hypothesis that states no significant effect on the independent variable on the dependent variable

Ho

69
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

hypothesis that states the independent variable has significant effect on the dependent

can specify direction of relationship

Ha

70
Q

What is a study design?

A

set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables specified in the research question

will depend on research paradigm

71
Q

What are some types of design?

A

descriptive, correlational, experimental, semi-experimental, review, meta-analysis

72
Q

What are variables?

A

things in the study that are measured. manipulated, and controlled

73
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

what is measured, represents outcome of the study

can’t be manipulated

values depend on independent variables

74
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

influences another variable

what is manipulated

75
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

description of variable in terms of how it is actually measured

ex. fever = temperature over 37

76
Q

What is a conceptual definition?

A

a broad term/concept

ex. “fever”

77
Q

What type of research uses participants?

A

qualitative research

ex. focus groups, personal interviews

78
Q

What type of research uses subjects?

A

quantitative research

ex. experiments

79
Q

What is data collection?

A

process of gathering and measuring information on the variables of interest

enables one to answer research questions, test hypotheses, evaluate outcomes

80
Q

What is a data analyses?

A

process of systematically applying techniques to describe, illustrate, condense, recap, and evaluate the data collected

81
Q

What are the benefits of publishing your research publicly?

A

advance field of study

inform and educate

develop new protocols

82
Q

What happens at the end of the research process?

A

results often dictate what the next steps will be

may lead to advanced research on the topic or to changing directions completely if sought after answer has been found

83
Q

Describe the theory of planned behaviour.

A

attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behaviour control intention, which controls behaviour

84
Q

What are the 2 main types of reasoning in the scientific approach?

A

inductive

  • observations -> theory
  • uses observations of specific events/circumstances to make predictions about general principles

deductive

  • theory -> observations
  • start with concrete information and theory, and use this to explain specific events/circumstances
85
Q

What is the moderator variable?

A

aka categorial variable or effect moderator

a variable of interest that can’t be manipulated

ex. race, sex, height

86
Q

What are control variables?

A

variables that could influence the outcome of the study

measured, but not the main focus

ex. level of competition, type of athletic footwear

87
Q

What is a mediator variable?

A

a variable that is proposed to at least partially explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables

ex. playing surface when examining relationship between weather and sport injury

88
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

uncontrolled. unmeasured variables

often talked about in discussion, could lead to further study

89
Q

What is a central phenomenon?

A

area of focus in qualitative research that researcher tries to better understand, explore, and describe

90
Q

What are the types of mixed methods research?

A

concurrent
- qualitative and quantitative at the same time

sequential
- qualitative and then quantitative, or vice versa

91
Q

What is a literature review?

A

a way of summarizing all the research you have done, and what it has found

92
Q

What determines the type of literature review?

A

your discipline

purpose of the review

space allocation (grants, word limits of application)

93
Q

What is the purpose of a literature review?

A

demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge

show the path of prior research and how the current project is linked

94
Q

What are the components of an article?

A

The Awkward Anteater Ingests Many Real Delicious Lemons Concluding Reading

title
author
abstract
introduction/literature review
methods
results
discussion
limitations
conclusion
references
95
Q

What is the role of the title of an article?

A

summarize the research question

96
Q

Which author is listed first usually?

A

the one who did the most work

97
Q

What is the abstract of an article?

A

summary

holds research question (aim) and the method used to study it

98
Q

What is the purpose of the introduction/literature review in an article?

A

introduces research problem

includes review of prior research of the topic

99
Q

What is the method section of an article?

A

explains design and methods used to conduct

great detail so it can be repeated

100
Q

What is the results section of an article?

A

details the outcomes of a study

what the researchers did or did not find

101
Q

What is the discussion section of an article?

A

presents hypothesis/research question and evaluates whether the results support or contradict it

summary and interpretation of key findings

102
Q

What is the limitations section of an article?

A

any problems or shortcomings with the study

ex. not enough subjects, equipment failure

103
Q

What is the conclusion section of an article?

A

very brief review of research questions and main findings

suggests potential research questions for the future

104
Q

What is the references section of an article?

A

collection of previously published articles that the current researchers have used to address question of interest

should be within 5 years unless the article is sentinel

105
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence how long an article will take to read?

A

quality of article
- smooth flow, clear purpose

focus of article
- clear focus on one issue

knowledge of the reader

106
Q

Describe the “spectrum” of literature reviews.

A

annotated bibliographies
- summary, commentary, no rigor

literature review
- summary, some commentary, some rigor

systematic and critical review
- summary, no commentary, very rigorous

107
Q

What is an annotated bibliography?

A

list of concise summaries from each source, presented in alphabetical order

reference list in APA, but with a short summary

108
Q

What should each annotation in an annotated bibliography include?

A

Rare Hyenas Make Messes

research question
hypothesis
methods
main conclusions

109
Q

What are the types of annotated bibliographies?

A

summary, no evaluation

summary, evaluation

compare/contrast

110
Q

What does an annotated bibliography look like? (format)

A

all left aligned

  • first line at border
  • second and subsequent lines indented

in APA

double spaced

111
Q

What are the types of literature reviews?

A

Clones Have Intertwined Minds, Souls, Thoughts

context
historical
integrative
methodological
self-study
theoretical
112
Q

What is a context review?

A

link one specific study to a larger body of knowledge

place the study in context with a developing line of thought

113
Q

What is a historical review?

A

particular issue traced over a period of time

114
Q

What is an integrative review?

A

most common type

author presents and summarizes current state of knowledge on a topic

highlights agreements and disagreements

115
Q

What is a methodological review?

A

“feel-good review”

methodologies of several studies are compared and contrasted

strengths of the studies are highlighted

116
Q

What is a self-study review?

A

author demonstrates his/her own familiarity with a subject area

intense, often related to educational programs

117
Q

What is a theoretical review?

A

author presents several theories focused on the same topic, compare them on the basis of assumptions, logic, and scope of explanation

118
Q

What is a systematic and critical review?

A

summarizes the results of available, carefully designed health care studies (controlled trials)

provides high level of evidence on effectiveness of health care interventions

complicated

119
Q

What is a cochrane review?

A

systematic review of primary research in human health care/policy

internationally recognized as highest standard in evidence-based health care research

120
Q

What are the 3 parts of a systematic/critical review?

A

review plan

review question

review title

121
Q

What is a review plan?

A

follow a step by step plan called a protocol

describes the way existing studies are found, how relevant studies are judged in terms of their usefulness in answering the research question, how the results of separate studies come together to give overall measure of effectiveness

122
Q

What is a review question?

A

generally stated as
“to assess the effects of (intervention or comparison) for (health problem) in (types of people/disease/problem)”

PICO = components of question

  • participants
  • intervention
  • comparisons
  • outcomes
123
Q

What is a review title?

A

statement of the types of population, types of intervention, and types of outcomes of interest

ex. surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma

KP290 (4 decks)

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