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Physiology of Rum Digestion > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

There are 6 steps of rumination. What are they, in order?

A
  1. sharp contraction of reticulum
    1. forces digesta and fluid to cardia
  2. inspiration of air against closed glottis
    1. creates vacuum in the thoracic esophagus
    2. bolus of digesta sucked into esophagus
  3. regurgitation of bolus + fluid of mouth
  4. excess liquids pressed out and swallowed
  5. mastication
    1. chewing on alternated sides of jaw with each bolus
  6. bolus is re-formed and re-swallowed
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2
Q

Describe the parotid salivary gland.

A
  • Paired
  • at the base of ear to posterior end of mandible
  • most important of the salivary glands
    • largest (typically >50% of total)
    • highest production of saliva
      • 40-50% of total saliva production
    • serous (watery)
    • strongly buffered
    • responds to stimulation from
      • Mouth, esophagus
      • reticulorumen
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3
Q

What is a ruminant?

A

4-compartment (compound) stomach

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4
Q

Giraffids

A
  • ruminants
  • examples
    • okapi
    • giraffe
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5
Q

What occurs in the first 1/3 of gestation?

A
  • 4 stomach compartments
  • esophageal groove
  • cell types (Chief, parietal) in abomasum
  • distict sacs and pillars within the rumen
  • omasal folds (laminae)
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6
Q

How does a concentrate selectors eating habits affect their anatomy?

A
  • rapid passage, high fermentation rate
  • smaller rumen
    • thinner wall, fewer large pillars, evenly papillation
  • smaller omasum and abomasum
  • larger liver and salivary glands
    • rapid rate of VFA processing needed
  • shorter intestine (12-15 x body length)
    • small intestine 70-73%
    • large intestine 27-30%
    • larger cecum +longer proximal colon
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7
Q

List 3 reasons why the feed efficiency (lbs of feed req. per lb of body weight gain) of a cow is inherently lower than that of a pig or chicken

A
  1. adaptations to environment
  2. body size
  3. feed quality, digestibility
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8
Q

How would you explain the process of rumination?

A
  • cyclic, integrated with motility contractions
  • stimulated by pressure, destension
    • maximal sensitivity in cranial sac, reticulum
      • destention receptors
    • course material –> scratch factor
      • importance of long forage diets
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9
Q

Describe bulk grazers

A
  • most recently evolved
  • less selective
    • consume “whole plant”
  • specialize in digesting cell wall carbohydrates
    • larger rumen
    • longer retention times
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10
Q

Stratification depends on what?

A
  • forage diets
    • types of forage
    • forage maturity
    • processing
    • moisture content
  • feed intake
  • mat layer dimished on high-conc. diets
  • ruminant type
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11
Q

What are some human use of ruminants

A
  • edible products
    • meat, milk, butter, etc.
  • inedible products
    • fiber (wool, hair), skin/hide (leather), waste (fertilizer, fuel)
    • inedible fats, tankage, endocrine extracts
  • labor, recreation
    • traction
    • cultural (rodeo, fighting, hunting, etc.)
  • other
    • conservation, pest control
    • financial value
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12
Q

What is the location and function of the nasolabial glands?

A
  • located in the muzzle
  • not true salivary glands
  • secretion similar to saliva - keeps muzzle moist
    • evaporative cooling (like sweat gland)
  • secretes amylase
    • animal licks nose, muzzle –> amylase into mouth
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What is crucial in creating a milk replacer in regards to protein?

A
  • trying to recreate casein
  • protein quality
    • amino acid balance and digestibility
  • proteolytic enzyme development
    • high pepsin, rennin
    • other enzymes increase with age, exposure
  • stimulating properties of casein
    • curd formation, regulation of gastric emptying
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15
Q

What would a newborn calf’s stomach look like at birth? What would you find?

A
  • rudimentary rumen
    • thin walled
    • pale appearance
    • limited pailla development
      • sandpaper
  • highly developed, fully-functional abomasum
    • about 50-70% of combined stomach volume
    • preparation for milk consumption
      • enzymes, HCl, volume (storage)
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16
Q

Tylopods

A
  • calloused foot/camelids
  • pseuruminants
  • examples
    • camel
    • alpaca
    • llama
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17
Q

When and where does microbial innoculation occur?

A
  • typically within the first few hrs of life
  • sources of microbes
    • environment (manure, soil, etc)
    • feed
    • other animals
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18
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

NDF, % of intake

A

Bulk grazers consume more NDF because they are less selective. They eat the whole plant, including the fibrous parts. Increased rumination time allows them to digest higher fiber diets

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19
Q

Were herbivorous dinosaurs ruminants?

A
  • extinct prior to appearance of grasses
    • ruminants first appeared ~39 million years post dino extinction
  • retention time of digesta too long
    • VFA broken down before absorption
    • <20% energy capture
  • digestive capacity issues
    • 50 ton dinosaur
      • 3 tons of fresh forage/day –> tons of feces/day
      • no time to ruminate?
  • They likely had a simple stomach–> bulk intake, low extraction approach
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20
Q

What is crucial in creating a milk replacer in regards to carbohydrates?

A
  • trying to recreate lactose
  • consider the enzymes present
    • High lactase, low amylase and maltase (NO SUCRASE)
  • Glucose, Dextrose ~ Lactose
    • pre-digested lactose
    • expensive
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21
Q

What can effect saliva output?

A
  • eating and rumination
    • nervous stimulation from the gut
  • Pavlov’s response
    • output can be conditioned into animals
      • ex. bottle fed calves
    • association of being fed w/external stimulus
  • Physical nature of diet
    • processing
    • form and type of feed
    • moisture content of feed
      • more plant moisture= less saliva
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22
Q

Bovids

A
  • ruminants
  • example
    • sheep
    • bighorn
    • royal antelope
    • springbok
    • dik dik
    • cattle
    • gemsbok/oryx
    • goat
    • bison
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23
Q
A

A) Dorsal buccal

B) Medial buccal

C, G) Ventral buccal

D, E, F) Sublingual

H) Parotid duct

I) Mandibular

J, K) Parotid

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24
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Abomasum weight

A

Bulk grazers have a higher abomasum weight because they are more efficient at low quality forage utilization

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25
Q

How does a bulk grazers eating habits affect its anatomy?

A
  • Slower passage, fermentation (high fiber diet)
  • larger subdivided rumen
    • thick muscular pillars –> motility contractions
    • uneven papillation –> ventral = more papilla
  • larger omasum and abomasum
  • smaller liver and salivary glands
    • rapid VFA processing not needed
  • longer intestine –> (25-30 x body length)
    • small intestine 80-82%
      • large intestine 18-20%
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26
Q

What growth occurs in the last 2/3 of gestation to birth?

A
  • general enlargement of all compartments
  • initiation of rumen papilla development
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27
Q

What are some bulk type grazers?

A
  1. bighorn, dall, and stone sheep
  2. sheep
  3. cattle
  4. mouflon
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28
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Cecum weight

A

Concentrate selectors have a heavier cecum because their feed passes through the rumen and small intestine rather quickly and further microbe ferementation is needed at the cecum.

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29
Q

Pigs and Hippos

A
  • monogastrics
  • examples
    • pig
    • hippo
    • warthog
    • peccary/javelina
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30
Q

Excessive grain consumption can cause what disorders?

A
  • parakeratosis (hyperkeratosis)
    • keratinization of papilla
      • papilla crust over “mushroom”
    • increased risk of ulceration
      • bacterial entry into blood stream
      • ruminal and liver abscesses
    • similar problem in adult animal if fed high grain diet
      • associated with lactic acidosis
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31
Q

List 3 advantages that grazing/forage-fed ruminant livestock have over use of that fiber for biomass energy or cellulosic ethanol production

A
  1. a cow is a mobing bio-energy plant
  2. ruminants are cheaper than 1 plant
  3. ruminants waste is more easily disposed
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32
Q

Describe the sublingual salivary gland.

A
  • paired
  • located under the tongue
  • smaller gland
  • 10-20% size of parotid
    • very low saliva production
  • very high mucous
  • weakly buffered
  • responds to stimulation from
    • mouth, espophagus (moderate)
    • limited response from reticulorumen
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33
Q

Why are ruminants less efficient?

A
  • body size and feed intake
  • adaptation to environment
  • ration quality, digestibility
    • grains push 80%
    • forages may push 30%
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34
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Intestine length, % of small intestine

A

Bulk grazers are better at nutrient absorption and must get as much out of their low quality diet as possible. A lot of absorbtion occurs in the small intestine

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35
Q

Antilocoaprids

A
  • ruminants
  • example
    • pronghorn antelope
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36
Q

What are some potential replacement proteins and their downfalls?

A
  • Animal proteins
    • usually of high quality
    • BSE concerns limit use
  • fish protein
    • generally good balance of amino acids
    • relatively digestible
    • prone to lipid oxidation (rancidity)
    • palatibility concerns
  • soybean protein (and most legumes protein sources)
    • Raw soybeans
      • trypsin inhibitors
        • inactivation by heat
      • protein allergens
      • indigestible carbohydrates
        • raffinose, stachyose, sucrose
    • Hydrolyzed soy protein
      • increased digestibility, but still has above concerns
    • purified soy protein (isolates, concentrates)
      • removal of above concerns
      • coagulation?
      • limit use older calves
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37
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

CP, % of intake

A

Concentrate selectors pick out the highest quality parts of the plants (seeds, berries, leaves, etc. )- these habe more protein than the fibrous stems

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38
Q

The vagus nerve uses parasympathetic and sympathic control. Give an example of each

A
  • Parasympathetic
    • gut motility
  • sympathetic
    • tension receptors in stomach
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39
Q

How many times does an adult bulk grazer chew per day?

A

30,000-50,000

  • This can vary with rumination type
    • increased selectivity= increased eating time and decreased rumination
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40
Q

What are the coordinated steps of motility contractions?

A
  1. initial sharp contraction of reticulum
    1. same 1st contraction of rumination
  2. 2nd more powerful (biphasic) contraction of reticulum and reticuloruminal fold
    1. forces digesta past cardia into rumen
  3. sets off wave of contractions which pass over the whole rumen, returning to reticulum
    1. subsequent relaxation
    2. as digesta passes over ROO, small particles permitted to exit from rumen
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41
Q

Describe the mandibular salivary gland.

A
  • Paired
  • also called submaxillary or submandibular
  • located along back of jawbone
  • slightly smaller than parotid
    • much lower saliva production
  • high mucous
  • weakly buffered
  • responds to stimulation from
    • mouth, esophagus
    • NO RESPONSE from reticulorumen
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42
Q

How does a concetrate selectors jaw conformation contribute to their eating habits and mastication?

A
  • Smaller, narrow jaw
    • moderate molar surface area
    • narrow muzzle
  • conformation permits selectivity
    • selects most digestible portion of the plant
      • seeds, buds, leaves > stems
  • slow, deliberate
  • less efficient chewing, BUT
    • lower fiber diet decreases need for rumination
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43
Q

Explain this diagram and how grasses and ruminants are related

A

Ruminants evolved as grasses became more available. They likely evolved so they could eat large amounts quickly and avoid predation.

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44
Q
A

A) cardia

B) reticuloruminal fold

C) caudal pillar

D) gas cap

E) caudal pillar

F) esophageal groove

G) reticulo omasal orfice

H) reticulum

I) Abomasum

J) Cranial sac

K) ventral sac

L) caudal ventral blind sac

45
Q

List 3 non-food contributions that ruminants make to human society

A
  1. recreation
  2. fiber
  3. leather
46
Q

Study ME!

A
47
Q

Penssodactyls

A
  • odd-toed ungulates
  • monogastrics
  • example
    • tapir
    • zebra
    • horse
    • rhinoceros
48
Q

If you feed your calf lots of grain, how will that influence his development?

A
  • Fermentation –> presence of VFA
    • VFA metabolized by rumen epithelium
      • BUTYRATE >> propionate > acetate
      • increased blood flow to papilla
        • increased nutrient supply = papilla growth
    • stimulates epithelial >> muscular development
49
Q

How do these factors affect saliva output:

  1. feed intake
  2. palatability
  3. type of ruminant
A
  1. Feed intake
    1. does have an effect, but more dependent on eating rate
  2. Feed palatability
    1. increased palatability increases production
  3. Type of ruminant
    1. Bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector in total intake and forage quality
50
Q

How does isolation effect microbial innoculation?

A
  • develop microflora normally, extcept
    • will be protozoa-free
    • transfer of protozoa only by saliva
    • role of inter-animal contact (licking, saliva, etc)
51
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Parotid Weight

A

Concentrate selectors have a higher parotid weight because they eat parts of the plant that need les rumination and need to be broken down before going into the rumen. The saliva provides an essential buffer for high VFA feedstuff.

52
Q

You feed your calf lots of grass hay. How does this influence his development?

A
  • Bulk feed–> distention of the rumen wall
    • overall enlaargement of reticulorumen
    • stimulates musculature >> epithelial development
      • important for contractions of rumen (motility, rumination)
53
Q

Why is the use of starch limited in milk replacers?

A
  • espcially for young calves–> low amylase, maltase at birth
    • too much starch causes digestive upset/scours
    • increased amylase with age and exposure
  • Can use hydrolyzed starch
  • limit 40-50% starch in any milk replacer
54
Q

What are some advantages of ruminants over non-ruminant herbivores?

A
  1. predator avoidance
  2. enhanced utilization of fiber
  3. microbial synthesis of amino acids, vitamins
  4. detoxification of plant metabolites
55
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Eating time, min/kg of feed

A

Concentrate selectors spend more time per kg of feed because they aren’t just tkaing in large amounts at a time like a bulk grazer. Being picky takes time.

56
Q

What is saliva?

A

secretion from glands lining the oral cavity

  • contains mostly water
  • mucous
  • mineral buffers
  • aids in mastication and swallowing
    • moistening, softening of food
    • lubrication of food bolus for swallowing
57
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Reticulorumen weight

A

Bulk grazers have a heavier reticulorumen because their low quality, high NDF diet requires more storage capacity.

58
Q

List 8 intermediate feeders

A
  1. mountain goat
  2. pronghorn
  3. goat
  4. caribou
  5. bison
  6. elk
  7. fallow
  8. musk o,
  9. red deer
  10. chamois
  11. ibex
  12. winsent
59
Q

The esophageal groove is a reflex contraction spurred by_____.

A

suckling

60
Q

What are 4 arterial branches and where do they supply?

A
  1. Common hepatic artery
    1. cranial surface of rumen, plus liver, gall bladder, pancreas
  2. Right ruminal artery
    1. right side of rumen plus omentum
  3. Left ruminal artery
    1. left side of rumen, plus reticulum and esophagus
  4. Left gastric artery
    1. abomasum and omasum
61
Q

Mixing contractions are also cyclic in nature. How long does this cycle take and what is it coordinated with?

A
  • takes up to 50-60 seconds for complete cycle
  • coordination with rumination
    • same 1st contraction of reticulum
    • motility cycle length determines time spent ruminating on given bolus
62
Q

List 4 concentrate selectors

A
  1. white-tailed deer
  2. moose
  3. mule deer
  4. roe deer
63
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Liver weight

A

Concentrate selectors have a larger liver weight because their diet is higher in glucose and VFA. So they must be able to process rapid VFA production in liver.

64
Q
A
  1. Milk diet only
  2. Milk and grain
  3. Milk and hay
65
Q

What will the reticulorumen look like if only fed grain?

A
  • less muscle growth than with forage
  • VFA (butyrate) stimulates papilla growth
  • produces smaller, thick-walled rumen with dark appearance due to enhanced blood flow
66
Q

How is blood circulated?

A
  • arterial supply
    • celiac-cranial mesenteric trunk
      • celiac artery (abdominal artery
    • orginated near esophagus
      • branches into 4 primary arteries
67
Q

What will the reticulorumen look like on an all milk diet?

A
  • similar to that at birth
    • pale
    • small papilla
    • small size
68
Q

How does a bulk grazers jaw conformation contribute to its eating habits and rumination time?

A
  • large jaw
    • large molar surface area
    • wider muzzle
  • rapid ingestion of forage
  • less selective
    • lower quality diet
  • efficient chewing
    • eating or rumination
69
Q

What does mixing contractions consist of and why are they crucial?

A
  • involvement of wall and pillar contractions
  • critical function
    • promotes turnover of indigestible residues
    • segregates heavier material for rumination
    • allows finer particles to exit through the reticulo-omasal orfice
70
Q

Why use milk replacer?

A
  • marketing for human consumption
  • economical alternative
  • orphaned calf
  • convience
71
Q

Enzymatic digestion includes what?

A
  • disaccharidases
    • lactase, maltase, but no sucrase
  • ​Rennin (chief cells)
    • coagulation of milk (formation of curd)
      • denatures casein
      • liquid -> semi-solid curd
    • cheese-making
72
Q

What are some disadvantages of ruminants over non-ruminant herbivores?

A
  1. large body size (capacity/intake, maintenance)
  2. obligate gluconeogenesis
  3. reliance upon microbial protein (leveling effect)
  4. limited fat intake (essential fatty acid deficiency)
73
Q

The sympathetic nerves have 2 receptors. What are they?

A
  • Tension (distention) receptors
  • chemical (pH) receptors
    • below pH 5.4-5.6 or above 8.0
      • acidosis, urea toxicity
    • location
      • cranial dorsal sac + reticulum
        • near esophageal groove
74
Q

How can a cow have amylase in her mouth, but not produce salivary amylase?

A

Confidence booster question ;)

Lick their nose/muzzle–> Nasolabial glands

75
Q

Describe concentrate selectors

A
  • evolved early
  • highly selective
    • eat only the most nutritious parts of the plant
    • seeds, buds, leaves
  • lower fiber digestion
    • smaller rumen
    • poorly developed omasum
    • larger liver
      • VFA’s
76
Q

What is the role of saliva?

A
  • buffering activity
    • bicarbonate and phosphate buffers
      • raises ruminal pH to 5.5-7.5
    • majority of buffering activity in rumen
      • resist drop in pH due to VFA
  • Taste
  • Urea recycling
  • nourishment for microbes (esp. minerals)
  • anti-frothing properties (role in bloat prevention)
77
Q

What happens to the abomasum if milk intake is too high?

A
  • abomasal bloat
    • distention on the lower right side
    • over-coagulation–> bloat
78
Q

Describe the ruminal pillars

A
  • Cranial and caudal pillars, longitudinal pillars
  • divide rumen into descrete sacs
    • cranial sac
    • dorsal sac
    • ventral sac
    • caudoventral blind sac
  • Muscular contractions
    • role of movement, mixing of digesta
79
Q

There are three other salivary glands. Name them

A
  1. Labial
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Inferior molar
80
Q

Leakage of milk into the rumen increases with solid feed consumption. What is the main cause (anatomical) of this and what does it lead to?

A
  • weakened closure of the esophageal groove
    • 20-30% milk into rumen
      • lactose fermentated like starch
      • increases VFA production
      • epithelial development!
  • Bucket feeding vs. bottle feeding.

Balanced diet is key!

81
Q

Tragulids

A
  • ruminants
  • examples
    • mouse deer
    • chevrotain “little goat”
82
Q

Describe intermediate feeders

A
  • Characteristics of both bulk grazers and concentrate selecters
  • seasonally adaptive
83
Q
A
84
Q

Dicots

A
  • plants with leaves
85
Q

What are the differences in the chewing process between eating and rumination?

A
  • Eating
    • Rapid ingestion of feed
    • erratic jaw movements
    • vertical (chopping, macerating)
    • 10-15% of particles <1 mm
  • Rumination
    • Slow, deliberate process
    • lateral (grinding)
    • consistent duration, force of jaw movements
    • Bulk of particle size reduction
86
Q

What effect can a low quality forage diet have on development?

A

hay belly

87
Q

What is McDougall’s buffer?

A
  • artificail saliva produced in 1940’s
  • used extensively as a buffer for use in vitro studies in nutrional research
  • sitmulates more natural environment
88
Q
A
89
Q

What is crucial in creating a milk replacer in regards to lipids?

A
  • trying to recreate butterfat
  • fatty acid composition (length and saturation)
    • lard, tallow, vegetable oils
      • roughly equivalent nutrient value, digestibility
    • oxidation (USFA)
  • physical form is a bigger problem
    • emulsification of butter fat w/in milk = very small globules
    • addition of emulsifiers
      • bile salts, lecithin (soy lecithin, egg yolk)
90
Q

What is the typical saliva output of a adult sheep? Beef cow? Dairy Cow??

A
  • Sheep = 15 L/day
  • Beef cow = 180 L/day
  • Dairy cow= 250 L/day
91
Q

Describe neonatal development and factors that affect it.

A
  • (development after birth)
  • timeline depends on consumption of solid feed
    • milk-based diet
      • proportional enlargement with body weight
    • solid feed
      • abomasum maintains weight (proportional to bodyweight)
      • rumen grows at 4-8 times weight at birth
92
Q

What will the reticulorumen look like if only fed a hay diet?

A
  • distention, stretching induced by bulk
  • increased musclular developmen
  • slower epithelial development (less VFA, butyrate)
  • poduces large, muscular rumen
    • moderate papilla development (low VFA)
    • somewhat pale (less blood flow)
93
Q

Describe the Reticuloruminal fold.

A
  • separates reticulum and rumen
  • “sorting device”
    • reticulum vs. cranial sac
    • specific gravity
  • plays role in
    • rumination
    • hardware disease
    • retention of particles for further digestion
94
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Rumination time, min/day

A

Bulk grazers spend more time ruminating per day because they only chew their food enough to swallow the first time. They have longer stemmy pieces of forage that need broke down further during rumination –> lower quality.

95
Q

There are 4 veins for venous drainage. What are they and where do they empty to?

A
  1. Right ruminal vein
  2. left ruminal vein
  3. reticular vein
  4. omasal-abomasal vein

All veins empty into the hepatic portal vein

  • feeds directly to liver
  • portal-drained viceral
    • total digestive tract, pancrease, spleen, mesenteric fat
  • splanchnic bed
    • PDV +liver
96
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Rumination time, min/kg of NDF

A

Bulk grazers are more efficient at particle size breakdown of high NDF feedstuffs due to their jaw conformation.

97
Q

How is chewing behavior important in the eating process?

A
  • Important in fiber utilization
    • Particle size reduction
      • Increased surface area for microbes
      • Increased specific gravity
  • Lack of upper incisors
    • Hard upper dental pad
    • Tearing motion; manipulation of tongue, lips
    • Upper jaw is wider than lower
      • Can chew only on one side at a time
      • Alternate sides (esp during rumination)
98
Q

cervids

A
  • antler bearing ruminants
  • ruminant
  • examples
    • mule deer
    • whitetail
    • elk
    • caribou
    • moose
99
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Feed Intake

A

Bulk grazers are not selective on which part of a plant they eat, so they eat a large amount per bite, increasing their daily feed intake.

100
Q

What happens if there is a lack of rennin in the abomassum?

A
  • lack of coagulation
    • accelerated abomasal emptying (1-2hrs)
    • fluctuation in nutrient supply
      • decreased digestion, hyper/hypoglycemia, other disorders
101
Q

How do ruminants and humans compete for food sources?

A
  • Concentrates
    • grain ~50% efficient capture of photosynthetic energy
    • forage up to 90% (whole plant)
  • land use for crop production
  • other uses for cellulose
    • cellulosic ethanol
    • biomass energy
102
Q

monocots

A

stemmed plants

103
Q

What is the role of the abomasum?

A
  • regulation of gastric emptying
    • gradual release of nutrients into the small intestine
      • 1 meal –> 12-18 hrs
    • continuous supply of nutrients
104
Q

What are the five buccal salivary glands?

A
  • Dorsal (single)
    • also called the palatine gland (in palate)
  • Ventral and Medial (both paired)
    • located in the cheek
  • comparable in size to the sublingual (individually)
105
Q

Discuss how each of these measurments correlates to the type of herbivore (bulk grazer vs. concentrate selector) and why these measurments differ between these herbivore types.

Intestine length, multiple of body length

A

Bulk grazers have a longer intestine because they are more efficient at forage utilization. they absorb nutrients broken down by the microbes in the intestine.

106
Q

What is the stratification of digesta within the rumen?

A
  • dorsal sac–> large coarse particles
    • gas cap
    • mat layer or hardpack
  • medial –> intermediate particles
    • migration downward within rumen, fermentation
      • particles become waterlogged, gas space reduced
  • ventral –> small particles, fluid
    • specific gravity near 1.2
    • selective passage through ROO
107
Q

Describe the buccal salivary glands.

A
  • moderate combined output
    • ventral –> serous, and mostly mucous
    • Dorsal, Medial–> Mucous
  • Strongly buffered
  • Responds to stimulation from
    • mouth, esophagus
    • moderate response from reticulorumen
108
Q

What factors influence rumination efficiency?

A
  • fiber intake
  • feed processing
  • body size
    • jaw size–> molar surface area
    • smaller animal generally less efficient
  • type of ruminant

Physiology of Rum Digestion (3 decks)

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