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yr 2 lcrs - pharm > 1 - Intro to the ANS > Flashcards

1 - Intro to the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principal divisions of the CNS?

A

Autonomic NS

Somatic NS

Neuroendocrine System

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2
Q

What does the Autonomic NS involve?

A
  • exocrine glands
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • metabolism
  • host defence
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3
Q

What two branches can the Autonomic NS be divided into?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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4
Q

At rest, which system is dominant in the body?

A

Parasympathetic NS, but sympathetic can kick in if it needs to

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5
Q

How is the dominant NS in the body determined?

A

Para or Sym depends on activity of the individual at the time

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6
Q

Which nerve controls stomach action?

A

Vagus Nerve

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7
Q

What are the two phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic (secretions) and Gastric (motility/secretions)

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8
Q

Which systems control pupillary constriction?

A

Eyes AT REST - parasympathetic (constriction)

Eyes IN THE DARK - sympathetic (dilation)

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9
Q

What measurement is proportional to baroreceptor firing rate?

A

Blood Pressure

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10
Q

What happens to blood pressure if baroreceptor firing rate is high?

A

It positively activates para NS and negatively activated sym NS (turns it off)

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11
Q

Are all tissues affected by parasympathetic and sympathetic action?

A

No, some tissues are only affected by one branch of the system.

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12
Q

Which branches of the Autonomic NS innervate the lungs?

A

There are no sympathetic nerves, but both para and sym effects occur in the lungs

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13
Q

Which systems in the Autonomic NS affect the blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic NS controls constriction and dilation - just by different receptors.

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter is release from all preganglionic neurones in the ANS?

A

ACh

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic neurones in the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released from postganglionic neurones in the Sympathetic NS?

A

To an effector organ

  • NA

From the adrenal medulla

  • NA and A into bloodstream (no actual ganglion, just the adrenal medulla)

To a few specific organs eg sweat glands

  • ACh
17
Q

Which is the only tissue with only a pre-ganglionic neurone and no post-ganglionic neurone?

A

The Adrenal Gland

18
Q

Describe the origins of the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurones in the body?

A

Para - Craniosacral (Discrete, localised)

Sym - Thoracolumbar (Co-ordinated)

19
Q

How is the sympathetic NS so co-ordinated?

A

Lots of post-ganglionic neurones from 1 pre-ganglionic neurone.

Has trunks with lots of pre-ganglionic neurones.

Therefore, highly branched and very divergent.

20
Q

What is the Enteric NS?

A

It is the NS of the gut, under Autonomic control.

It is almost basically under its own control.

Can act with or without brain involvement, using the parasympathetic nervous system.

21
Q

How does the Enteric NS work?

A

SENSORY NEURONE

  • attached to mucosal chemoreceptors and stretch receptors
  • detect chemicals in gut lumen or tension in gut wall caused by food INFO
  • relayed to submucosal and myenteric plexus via interneurons

MOTOR NEURONE

  • release ACh or substance P to contract smooth muscle
  • or release vasoactive intestinal peptide or NO to relax smooth muscle
22
Q

What neurotransmitter is released in the somatic NS?

A

Simple motor neurones which, with no ganglions, release ACh

23
Q

What two receptors does ACh bind to in the ANS?

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic Which are both membrane bound receptors

24
Q

Describe nicotinic receptors

A

at all autonomic ganglia

ion channel linked (ionotropic)

Type 1 - stimulated by nicotine and ACh

faster than Type 2

25
Q

Describe muscarinic receptors

A
  • at all effector organs innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
  • also at specific effector organs in sympathetic fibres such as sweat glands
  • stimulated by muscarine and ACh - G protein coupled (Type 2)
  • slower than Type 1 Ionotropic because of need for protein binding
26
Q

What are the full names for NA and A?

A

A - epinephrine

NA - norepinephrine

27
Q

What are the different sub-types of Muscarinic Cholinoceptors and where are they found?

A

M1 - Neural [forebrain - learning and memory]

M2 - Cardiac [brain - inhibitory auto receptors]

M3 - Exocrine and Smooth Muscle [hypothalamus - food intake] Less known about:

M4: Periphery: pre junctional nerve endings

M5 - Striatal dopamine release

28
Q

Describe adrenoreceptors

A
  • at all effector organs innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres
  • stimulated by NA/A
  • type 2 (g protein coupled)
  • 4 types: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 -mediate sympathetic function
29
Q

What effect does blockade of nicotinic ACH receptors have on heart rate at rest?

A

At rest, parasympathetic system dominates.

Therefore, blocking receptors tends towards sympathetic effects.

Therefore, heart rate increases.

30
Q

What provides the precursor for neurotransmitter formation?

A

Diet

31
Q

What would happen if you blocked nicotinic receptors at rest?

A

Constipation

At rest, parasympathetic system dominates.

So blocking means you lose parasympathetic effects.

32
Q

Blockade of which receptor sub types induces an increased heart rate and and reduced sweat production during exercise?

A

Muscarinic receptors

33
Q

Describe how ACh is synthesised

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline –> ACh + CoA

Occurs in pre-synaptic bulb

34
Q

Describe how ACh is metabolised

A

Acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft breaks ACh down into Choline and Acetate.

The Choline then goes back into the pre-synaptic bulb

35
Q

Describe how Noradrenaline is synthesised

A

Tyrosine

-Tyrosine hydroxylase

DOPA

-DOPA decarboxylase

Dopamine

  • into vesicle in pre synaptic bulb
  • Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase

Noradrenaline

  • released from vesicle
  • released into synapse
36
Q

Describe how Noradrenaline is metabolised

A

TWO UPTAKE METHODS

1

Re-uptaken into pre-synaptic bulb.

Broken down by Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A).

Then broken down into metabolites.

[There is an uptake 1 transport protein]

2

Taken into post-synaptic bulb.

Broken down by COMT.

[There is an uptake 2 transport protein]

yr 2 lcrs - pharm (44 decks)

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