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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Exam #2 areas to work on > Flashcards

Exam #2 areas to work on Flashcards

1
Q

Hypocalcemia _________ the heart

A

depresses

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2
Q

Hypercalcemia: _________ heart rate

A

increases

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3
Q

Hyperkalemia does what?

A

Alters electrical activity—leads to cardiac arrest

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4
Q

Hypokalemia does what?

A

Causes a feeble heart rate–arrhythmias

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5
Q

What is the normal, average cardiac output?

A

5.25 L/min

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6
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

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7
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each beat

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8
Q

What is the maximal cardiac out put?

A

20-25 L/min (4-5 times the resting)

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9
Q

70mL/beat describes what?

A

average stroke volume

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10
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between resting and maximal CO

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11
Q

Heart rate can be increased via the sympathetic nervous system. How is this done?

A

Norepinephrine is released and binds to B1-adrenergic receptors. This causes pacemaker cells to fire rapidly.

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12
Q

Heart rate can be decreased via the autonomic nervous system. How is this done?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system opposes the sympathetic effects by using acetylcholine to hyperpolarize the pacemaker cells, slowing down the heart rate

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13
Q

When does the heart exhibit vagal tone?

A

At rest

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14
Q

Is the parasympathetic nervous system the dominant influence on heart rate?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Does cutting the vagal nerve increase or decrease the HR? What does it go up to?

A

Increase; around ~100

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16
Q

Is Tachycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart beat?

A

Fast ( > 100 beats/min)

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17
Q

Is Bradycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart rate?

A

Slow 60 beats/min

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18
Q

What layer of the tunica intima is found only in vessels larger than 1mm?

A

The subendothelial (connective tissue basement membrane)

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19
Q

Which layer is the bulkiest and responsible for maintaining blood flow and pressure?

A

Tunica media

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20
Q

The tunica _____ is innervated with sympathetic nerve fibers that control vasoconstriction and dilation

A

media

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21
Q

The tunica adventitia (externa) is made up of _____ fibers to protect and reinforce the wall and anchor it to surrounding structures

A

collagen

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22
Q

The tunica ______, like the tunica media, is also infiltrated with nerve fibers but also has _____ vessels on its surface

A

externa has lymphatic vessels

23
Q

Are elastic arteries thick walled?

A

Yes

24
Q

Are elastic aortas called distributing arteries?

A

No, they’re called conducting

25
Q

Within elastic arteries, elastin is found in all three tunica but more is found in the tunica _____

A

media

26
Q

Are elastic arteries inactive or active in vasoconstriction?

A

Inactive

27
Q

Do the diameters of muscular arteries range from pinky-finger size to pencil-lead size?

A

Yes

28
Q

Which type of arteries account for most of the named arteries?

A

Muscular

29
Q

Which type of arteries have the thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle, but less elastic tissue?

A

Muscular

30
Q

Even though muscular arteries have less of this, the tunica media is sandwiched between two _______ membranes

A

Elastic membranes

31
Q

Are muscular arteries active or inactive in vasoconstriction?

A

Active

32
Q

Arterioles are mostly a single layer of smooth muscle surrounding _________ cells

A

endothelial

33
Q

Which arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction of smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

34
Q

Arterioles are also called _______ arteries

A

resistance

35
Q

Do pericytes control permeability and play a role in vessel repair?

A

Yes

36
Q

Do pericytes supply almost every cell except for cartilage, capillaries, cornea, epithelia, and lens of the eye?

A

True except pericytes do supply capillaries

37
Q

Which capillaries are abundant in muscles, lungs, and the CNS?

A

Continuous

38
Q

Which type of capillaries are found in the kidneys and intestines?

A

Fenestrated

39
Q

Are fenestrated capillaries found in areas that are active in endocrine hormone secretion?

A

Yes

40
Q

Why are continuous capillaries of the brain unique?

A

They form the blood brain barrier and are totally enclosed via tight junctions and NO cellular clefts

41
Q

Which type of capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla?

A

Sinusoidal

42
Q

Do sinusoidal capillaries have complete basement membranes?

A

No, they’re incomplete

43
Q

Which type of blood capillaries contain macrophages in the lining to capture and destroy foreign invaders?

A

Sinusoidal

44
Q

Are vascular shunts channels that connect the arteriole directly with the venule?

A

Yes

45
Q

What are true capillaries?

A

Actual vessels involved in exchange

46
Q

True capillaries contain 10-1,000 vessels per capillary bed. T or F

A

False, 10-100

47
Q

Capillaries don’t just unite into veins. What do capillaries unite to form before forming into veins?

A

Post capillary venules

48
Q

Are post capillary very porous or impermeable?

A

Very porous

49
Q

Veins have a thinner tunica _____ and a thicker tunica _____

A

thinner media; thicker externa

50
Q

Veins are also called _______ vessels

A

capacitance vessels

51
Q

65% of the body’s blood supply is found in the _____

A

veins

52
Q

Are venous sinuses flattened veins with extremely thin walls?

A

Yes

53
Q

Are venous sinuses composed of only loose reticular connective tissue?

A

No, they are composed of only endothelium

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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