Pain

Question 1

What does the somatosensory cortex do?

Answer 1

registers where the pain is and the intensity

Question 2

What does the anterior cingulate cortex do?

Answer 2

registers unpleasant feelings when things go wrong, physically, emotionally. Highly sensitive people have greater pain here

Question 3

What does the insular cortex do?

Answer 3

intergates sensory, emotional and cognitive states. Enables you to feel empathy

Question 4

What does the medial prefrontal gyrus do?

Answer 4

negative personal implications of pain, anxiety

Question 5

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 5

processes the pain signals and plans action. Ways to try and reduce the pain

Question 6

Modulation of pain at spinal cord level

Answer 6

it can be altered as it crosses the 1st and 2nd order neurone of the dorsal horn cells by ascending A beta fibres which bock the onward transmission

Question 7

Modulation of pain at midbrain level

Answer 7

stimulation of pariaqueductal grey matter in the midbrain cause the release of neurotransmitters that block transmission of nociceptive information. These are endogenous analgesia: body’s natural painkillers

Question 8

Modulation of pain at forebrain level

Answer 8

negative thoughts, beliefs and emotions have been though to inhibit the release of the endogenous analgesia
positive thoughts are though to stimulate the release of serotonin and noradrenaline

Question 9

What is pain response shaped by/

Answer 9

sensory- severity
affective- suffering, anxiety, emotional response 
behavioural- fatigue, sleep
cognitive- beliers, knowledge
social- cultural- family, cultural

Question 10

Somatic pain

Answer 10

localised pain

at the origin

Question 11

Redicular pain

Answer 11

pain within the origin in peripheral neural tissue

within a dermatome or along the course of a nerve

Question 12

Referred pain

Answer 12

pain within another region

Question 13

Somatic referred pain

Answer 13

pain within the origin but felt in a region innervated by different nerves

Question 14

Radicular referred pain

Answer 14

referred pain from neural tissue

caused by compression, chemical irritation of a nerve root or compression of a dorsal root ganglia

Question 15

Peripheral neuropathic pain

Answer 15

pain from lesion or dysfunction in PNS
pain never in dermatomal area
pain is produced during mechanical tests that move load or compress neural tissue

Question 16

Centrally mediated pain

Answer 16

pain arises due to altered neurophysiological processing within CNS
sensitised to painful and non painful stimuli

Question 17

Chronic pain

Answer 17

due to a hyper sensitised CNS
poor treatment outcome due to unhelpful thoughts, beliefs and emotions as CNS is continuously adapting and changing based on the input it receives

Question 18

Fear avoidance

Answer 18

unhelpful interpretation of pain
belief that pain is harmful and uncomfortable
passive attitude to rehabilitation

Question 19

Catastrophising

Answer 19

severe, irrational negative belief about a situation

can lead to fear avoidance and chronic issues