7.2- Cell Structure

Question 1

What is the role of the cell nucleus?

Answer 1

the nucleus contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

Question 2

What are the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton?

Answer 2

Vacuoles - store materials like water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates

Lysosomes - break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are also involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

Cytoskeleton - helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement

Question 3

What organelles help make and transport proteins?

Answer 3

Ribosomes- small particles of RNA and protein throughout the cytoplams of cells that assemble proteins (they are like the machine in a factory)

Golgi Apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

Question 4

What are the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Answer 4

Chloroplasts - (like powerplants for plants) capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy (photosynthesis)

Mitochondria - (power plants of all cells) convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Question 5

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

Answer 5

the cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell (like border patrol) by selective permability, and also protects and supports the cell

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

portion of the cell (outside the nucleus) which is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 7

Organelle

Answer 7

“little organs”, the major parts of cells that have specific functions

Question 8

Vacuole

Answer 8

a large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structure that stores materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 9

lysosome

Answer 9

small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. (like the recycling centers of the cell)

Question 10

Cytoskeleton

Answer 10

gives eukaryotic cells their shape and internal organization by a network of protein filaments (like the girders building a city)

Question 11

Centriole

Answer 11

located near the nucleus and help organize cell division (not found in plant cells)

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

small particles of DNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells that produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell

Question 14

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 14

stack of flattened membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

Question 15

Chloroplast

Answer 15

(plants powerplants) organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy (photosynthesis)

Question 16

Mitochondrion

Answer 16

(power plants in cells) Produce usable energy for the cell by breaking down lipids and carbohydrates to form ATP. Like chloroplasts, have a double membrane. Have separate DNA that is heritable only by the maternal line.

Question 17

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 17

since chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of small DNA molecules, they are theorized to have been captured by eukaryotes to live inside of our cells and produce energy for the cell.

Question 18

Cell Wall

Answer 18

strong supporting layer around the membrane of eukaryotic plant cells. Most are pourus enough to allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other substances to pass through easily

Question 19

Lipid Bilayer

Answer 19

gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Made of phospholipids with a hydrophilic phosphoric head and 2 hydrophobic lipid tails

Question 20

Selective Permeability

Answer 20

some substances can pass through cell membranes and others cannot. (also called semipermeable membranes)