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Pharmacology Exam 2 (Lauren) > Intro To Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Intro To Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is empirical antimicrobial therapy?

A

Starting an antibiotic before the pathogen responsible for the illness is known

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2
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The cell to cell transfer of genetic material through a sex pilus

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3
Q

What is the drug of choice for surgical procedure prophylaxis?

A

Cefazolin

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4
Q

With bactericidal drugs, is there much of a difference between static and cidal concentrations?

A

No

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5
Q

With bacteriostatic drugs, what is the difference between inhibitory and cidal concentrations?

A

Inhibitory concentrations are much lower.

The cidal concentrations are too high to be safe for the patient so we give them at static concentrations

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6
Q

What can you do if a drug has a post antibiotic effect/>

A

Reduce frequency of dosing=lower risk of adverse effects

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7
Q

When starting empiric therapy, when should you obtain a specimen for culture?

A

Before starting any antibiotic

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8
Q

What is an example of a drug combo that achieves synergy by enhancing the uptake of the antimicrobial agent?

A

Penicillins increasing the uptake of aminoglycosides

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9
Q

Are static agents a good choice for immunocompromised patients?

A

Never

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10
Q

Does chemotherapy select for resistant strains?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is a concern with broad-spectrum abx?

A

Kills normal flora = GI distress

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12
Q

Vertical resistance results from:?

A

Mutation in mother cell transferred by selection to daughter cell

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13
Q

What type of antibiotics most frequently cause super infections?

A

Broad spectrum

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14
Q

What is the most common superinfection?

A

Intestinal candidiasis

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15
Q

What is a drug combo that does synergy by blocking sequential steps in metabolic sequence?

A

TMP-SMX

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16
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms of antagonism?

A
  1. ) inhibition of cidal activity by static agents

2. ) induction of enzymatic inactivation: some G- bacilli contagion inducible beta lactamases

17
Q

What is synergism?

A

When the killing/inhibitory effects of 2 or more drugs are significantly greater than expected from their effects individually

18
Q

What is MIC vs MBC/

A

MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration

MBC- minimum bactericidal concentration

19
Q

What are 2 life-threatening superinfections?

A

Staphylococcal enterocolitis

Pseudomembranous colitis

(In both cases you must discontinue the antibiotic and give oral vancomycin)

20
Q

What is time dependent killing?

A

Killing is not increased with increasing concentrations above the MBC, but is instead dependent on the time of exposure to the drug

21
Q

What is meant by selective toxicity?

A

You need a greater toxicity to the parasite than host

22
Q

What is vertical transmission of antoboiotc resistance?

A

Comes about through a mutation and is passed down to daughter cells

23
Q

How do bacteria transmit drug resistance?

A

Usually through plasmids

24
Q

What is concentration dependent killing?

A

The rate of killing is dependent upon drug concentration

25
Q

Bacterial transduction involves the transfer of DNA between two bacteria by what mechanism?

A

Bacteriophages

26
Q

When should we use antibacterial prophylaxis?

A

When the benefits outweigh the risks

27
Q

What is transformation?

A

Cells taking up DNA left on the ground after another cell Lysed

28
Q

Which is more important to maintain adequate blood levels: static or cidal drugs?

A

Static

29
Q

What is horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance?

A

The resistance determinants from a donor cell, often of another bacterial species, is given to another cell via transduction, transformation, or conjugation

30
Q

What is transduction?

A

Bacteriaphages transferring genetic resistance from one cell to another

31
Q

What is post antibiotic effect?

A

Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after a limited exposure to a drug

32
Q

Are there some bacteria for which a static drug may be cidal?

A

Yes some bacteria are just super sensitvie

33
Q

What is a drug combo that achieves synergy by inhibiting enzymatic inactivation?

A

B-lactamase inhibitors being given with B-lactam drugs

34
Q

Chemotherapy is:
A. Treatment of cancer; selectively destroying cancer cells
B. Selective destruction of pathogenic microorganisms with minimal host effects
C. Selects for resistant microbial strains
D. Misused, leading to an increase in microbial resistance
E. All of the above

A

E

Pharmacology Exam 2 (Lauren) (7 decks)

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