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Psychology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulation of sensory receptors located in the sense organs

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Transmission of sensory information of the central nervous system

A

sensation

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3
Q

_________ is pretty much the same for everyone.

A

Sensation

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4
Q

Active process by which sensations are organized and interpreted into meaningful patterns.

A

Perception

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5
Q

_____ is to form an inner representation of the world.

A

Perception

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6
Q

______ is different for everyone.

A

Perception

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7
Q

Weakest level of a stimulus necessary to produce a sensation.

A

absolute threshold

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8
Q

_____ is detected 50% of the time (because some people are more sensitive than others)

A

absolute threshold

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9
Q

How much sugar would it take to be able to tell unsweet tea is changed to sweet tea, would be an example of?

A

Absolute Threshold

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10
Q

How much one had to raise their voice so all of the people in the room, not just those in the front, of the room would be an example of?

A

Absolute Threshold

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11
Q

With _____ ______Some people are more sensitive than others.

A

Absolute Threshold

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12
Q

The same person might have a slightly different response at different times when dealing with ____ ______.

A

Absolute Threshold

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13
Q

How many drops of perfume does it take to make the whole house smell is an example of __________ when some people are more sensitive than others.

A

Absolute Threshold

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14
Q

How far away can you see a candle burning at night outside is an example of __________ when some people are more sensitive than others.

A

Absolute Threshold

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15
Q

The pressure of a fly wing landing on you and whether you feel it is an example of __________ when some people are more sensitive than others.

A

Absolute Threshold

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16
Q

Sensory stimulation that is below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception.

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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17
Q

Perception is called subliminal _________.

A

Perception

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18
Q

______ flashed too briefly can be processed.

A

Visual Stimuli

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19
Q

Less can pick up on _______ than those who pick it up at absolute threshold.

A

Visual Stimuli

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20
Q

Auditory stimuli can be played at _________ and ______

A

At a volume too low to consciously hear

Backward

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21
Q

Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart.

A

Difference Threshold

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22
Q

What is detected 50% of the time?

A

Difference Threshold

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23
Q

How much sugar and salt would you have to add in water to tell them apart? is an example of?

A

Difference Threshold

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24
Q

Fraction denoting the difference threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of energy.

A

Weber’s Constant

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25
Q

Minimum difference in the stimuli that can be detected.

A

Just noticeable difference (jnd)

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26
Q

Factors that determine one’s perception of sensory stimuli or signals.

A

Signal-Detection Theory

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27
Q

Signal intensity or difference between signals.

A

Signal-Detection Theory

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28
Q

Degree to which the signal can be distinguished from background noise.

A

Signal-Detection Theory

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29
Q

An example of ________ _______ ______ is if you’re tired

A

Signal-Detection Theory

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30
Q

Neurons that respond to particular features

A

Feature Detectors

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31
Q

Respond to lines, colors, textures, and movement.

A

Visual

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32
Q

Respond to pitch and loudness.

A

Auditory

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33
Q

Two types of Sensory Adaptation are?

A

Sensitization and desensitization

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34
Q

A positive adaptation and one becomes more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude.

A

Sensitization

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35
Q

A negative adaptation and one becomes less sensitive to stimuli of the same intensity.

A

Desensitization

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36
Q

Noticing dimming lights all of a sudden, but not noticing the same dimming over a period of time is an example of?

A

Desensitization

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37
Q

Spectrum of electromagnetic energy

A

Light

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38
Q

Spectrum of electromagnetic energy varies in ________

A

wavelength

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39
Q

________ _____ are only trillionths of an inch long.

A

Cosmic Rays

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40
Q

_______ ______ can extend for miles.

A

Radio Waves

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41
Q

Within visible light, color is determined by ________.

A

Wavelength

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42
Q

Wavelength of visible light determines its _____.

A

Hue

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43
Q

Light enters through narrow opening in the _____.

A

eye

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44
Q

transparent eye color

A

Corneal

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45
Q

muscular, colored part of the eye

A

Iris

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46
Q

opening in the iris, sensitive to light and motion

A

Pupil

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47
Q

Changes thickness to adjust or accommodate on images

A

Lens

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48
Q

Image is projected onto ______.

A

Retina

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49
Q

The retina is where the what happens?

A

Magic

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50
Q

cells that are sensitive to light

A

Photoreceptors

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51
Q

Axons of ganglion cells in the retina converse to form the optic nerve.

A

Rods and Cones

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52
Q

Cones

A

bright, color

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53
Q

densely packed at the center of the retina (fovea)

A

Cones

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54
Q

Provided color vision

A

Cones

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55
Q

You have _____ ______ cones

A

6 million

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56
Q

Rods

A

black/white, dime

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57
Q

Provide vision in black and white

A

Rods

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58
Q

More sensitive to dim light than cones

A

Rods

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59
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Rods

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60
Q

You have_____ ______ rods

A

125 million

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61
Q

sharpness of vision

A

Visual Acuity

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62
Q

Connected to the shape of the eye.

A

Visual Acuity

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63
Q

_______ ______ have to be close to an object to discriminate its details.

A

Nearsighted people

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64
Q

______ ______face difficulty in focusing on nearby objects.

A

Farsighted people

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65
Q

old man (green) eyes

A

Presbyopia

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66
Q

Lines become brittle

A

Presbyopia

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67
Q

Usually farsightedness

A

Presbyopia

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68
Q

process of adjusting to lower lighting.

A

Darn adaptation

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69
Q

Takes longer to adjust

A

Darn adaptation

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70
Q

Cones reach a maximum adaptation in approximately 10 minutes.

A

Darn Adaptation

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71
Q

Rods continue to adapt up to 45 minutes.

A

Darn Adaptation

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72
Q

Hue, value, saturation are ______ ________ __ ______

A

Perceptual Dimensions of Color

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73
Q

red, green (almost white), and blue and yellow (almost white)

A

Complementary color pairs

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74
Q

______ is source of all colors

A

Light

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75
Q

______ reflect and absorb light selectively

A

Pigments

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76
Q

persistent sensations of color that are followed by perception of the complementary color when the first color is removed.

A

Afterimage

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77
Q

2 theories of color vision

A

Trichromatic Theory and Opponent Process

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78
Q

Three types of cones, that are selectively sensitive to red, green, and blue light help in vision.

A

Trichromatic Theory

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79
Q

Three types of color receptors that selectively respond to red-green, blue-yellow, and difference in brightness help in color vision.

A

Opponent Process

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80
Q

Types of Color Blindness

A

Trichromats
Dichromats
Monochromats

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81
Q

have normal color vision

A

Trichromats

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82
Q

Sensitive to red-green, blue, yellow and light dark.

A

Trichomats

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83
Q

have partial color blindness

A

Dichromats

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84
Q

Discriminate between two colors (red- green or blue-yellow)

A

Dichromats

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85
Q

totally color blind

A

Monochromats

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86
Q

Sensitive only to lightness and darkness

A

Monochromats

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87
Q

Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes one’s eye.

A

Visual Perception

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88
Q

Involves knowledge, expectations, and motivations

A

Active Process

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89
Q

Integration of bits of sensory stimulation into a meaningful whole.

A

Perceptual Organization

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90
Q

ground perception

A

Figure

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91
Q

Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

A

Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization

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92
Q

_______ _____ involves our knowledge, expectations, and motivations.

A

Visual perception

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93
Q

Use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern. (pulling from past experience and previous knowledge.)

A

Top-Down Processing

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94
Q

Organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose. (starting fresh with no knowledge or expectations.)

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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95
Q

Visual perception of motion is based on change of position relative to other objects.

A

Perception of Motion

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96
Q

______ of movement have been studied by psychologists.

A

Illusions

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97
Q

A sensation that gives rise to a misperception.

A

Illusions

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98
Q

2 types of depth perceptions

A

Monocular cues

Binocular cues

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99
Q

Create the illusion of depth, perceived by one eye.

A

Monocular cues

100
Q

______ _____give Perspective (like roads appearing wide from faraway and then thinner when up close)

A

Monocular Cues

101
Q

_______ ______ is Relative size (the same house but seeing one as bigger than another because you are closer to it. )

A

Monocular Cues

102
Q

_______ ______ is Clearness (you are closer to something when the clearness is better.)

A

Monocular Cues

103
Q

_____ ______ is Overlapping (you see things that are closer to you when items overlap.)

A

Monocular Cues

104
Q

Two types of Shawdowing

A

Texture Gradient

Motion Parallax

105
Q

(similar to clearness, tougher objects appear to have a rougher texture.)

A

Texture Gradient

106
Q

water looking choppy near you but smooth far away from you. this is an example of _______

A

Texture Gradient

107
Q

Things that are closer to you move faster.

A

Motion Parallax

108
Q

Like the yellow dotted line on the roads, they seem to be moving faster than passing houses.

A

Motion Parallax

109
Q

Also the moon seems to follow you because it is so far away.

A

Motion Parallax

110
Q

Involve both eyes and help perceive depth.

A

Binocular cues

111
Q

retinal disparity and convergence.

A

Types of Binocular cues

112
Q

The types of _____ ______ help us focus on one object even though we are seeing it out of two different eyes.

A

Binocular Cues

113
Q

Acquired through experience and creates stability.

A

Perceptual Constancies

114
Q

like field goals looking bigger where you are sitting but knowing they are the same is an example of?

A

Size constancy

115
Q

clothes changing color in the dark but knowing they did not really change color is an example of?

A

Color constancy

116
Q

something looking brighter but us knowing it is not really brighter is an example of?

A

Brightness Constancy

117
Q

doors changing shapes when you draw it or picture it in another form but knowing that the shape really is. an example of?

A

Shape constancy

118
Q

_______require a medium, such as air or water, to travel.

A

Sound waves

119
Q

Compressing and expanding the molecules of the medium create pressures and expansion in one wave of sound.

A

Sound Waves

120
Q

_____ ___ is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second.

A

Human ear

121
Q

Determined by a sound’s frequency.

A

Pitch

122
Q

Number of cycles per second expressed in hertz (Hz)

A

Frequency

123
Q

______ the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.

A

Greater

124
Q

Height (amplitude) of sound waves.

A

Loudness

125
Q

Frequency and amplitude are independent.

A

Loudness

126
Q

______ is expressed in decibels (dB)

A

Loudness

127
Q

60-60 rule

A

Ipods and Hearing

128
Q

People should listen at no more than 60% of full volume for no more than 60 minutes per day

A

Ipods and Hearing

129
Q

People should listen at no more than 60% of full volume for no more than 60 minutes per day, this is to ________________.

A

Prevent Hearing loss

130
Q

Listeners pay less attention to their surroundings when listening to music.

A

Ipod

131
Q

The ______ is shaped and structured to capture sound

A

ear

132
Q

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

A

Parts of the ear

133
Q

Funnels sound waves to the eardrum, which vibrates in response to sound waves.

A

Outer Ear

134
Q

Contains the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup (the smallest bones in the body.

A

Middle Ear

135
Q

Ringing comes from damage to the ear hairs that can never grow back.

A

Middle Ear

136
Q

Acts as an amplifier.

A

middle ear

137
Q

Oval window transmits vibrations into the cochlea (snail shaped)

A

Inner Ear

138
Q

lies coiled within the cochlea.

A

Basilar membrane

139
Q

_____ _____ ______is attached to the basilar membrane.

A

Organ of Corti

140
Q

Loudness and the sequence in which sounds reach the ears provide directional cues.

A

Locating Sounds

141
Q

One may turn his or her head to locate the sound.

A

Locating Sounds

142
Q

Often involuntary.

A

Locating sounds

143
Q

Related to number of receptor neurons on the organ of Corti that fire stimuli.

A

Perception of Loudness and Pitch

144
Q

Pitch is sensed according to the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates in response.

A

Place theory

145
Q

This only applies to pitches 4,000 hertz or higher.

A

Place Theory

146
Q

Looks at higher pitches.

A

Place Theory

147
Q

Frequency of the sound waves need to match with one’s neural impulses in order to perceive lower pitches.

A

Frequency Theory

148
Q

Between 20 to 1,000 hertz give or take

A

Frequency Theory

149
Q

Deals with lower pitches.

A

Frequency Theory

150
Q

______ principle lies in the middle of the two theories (1,000 to 4,000 hertz.)

A

Volley

151
Q

Two types of deafness

A

Conductive and sensorineural

152
Q

Deafness in the outer to middle ear

A

Conductive deafness

153
Q

Due to damage of the middle ear

A

Conductive deafness

154
Q

Hearing aids can help with _____ _______.

A

Conductive deafness

155
Q

Deafness in the inner ear

A

Sensorineural deafness

156
Q

Due to damage of the structures of the inner ear or auditory nerve.

A

Sensorineural deafness

157
Q

Contributes to the flavor of food

A

smell

158
Q

Odors are samples molecules of substances in the air

A

smell

159
Q

Trigger firing of receptor neurons in the__________ _______.

A

olfactory membrane.

160
Q

______ and _______ ____ says that our ability to smell odors are triggered by only certain molecules that fit to specific receptors

A

Lock and Key Theory

161
Q

toddler toys with shapes and fitting them in a box in their correct spots is an example of?

A

Lock and Key theory

162
Q

Sensory information about odors is sent to the brain through the ________ _______

A

Olfactory nerve.

163
Q

receptor neurons on taste buds.

A

Taste cells

164
Q

Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

A

Taste Qualities

165
Q

(fifth basic taste) - Savory (almost brothy)

A

Umami

166
Q

_____ of food depends on odor, texture, temperature, and taste.

A

Flavor

167
Q

Apples and onions are similar in taste but because they are so different in smell and texture they appear very different is an example of ?

A

Flavor of food

168
Q

Sensory receptors within the skin fire when the surface is touched.

A

Touch and Pressure

169
Q

continuous movement of one’s hand along the surface of an object.

A

Active touching

170
Q

Receives info about pressure, texture, temperature, and feedback from muscles.

A

active touching

171
Q

Some areas of the body are more _______.

A

Sensitive

172
Q

Nerve endings are more densely packed when some areas of the body are _______.

A

Sensitive

173
Q

____ are located beneath the skin.

A

Receptors

174
Q

When skin temperature _____, the receptors for warmth fire.

A

Increases

175
Q

When skin temperature ____, the receptors for cold fire.

A

decreases

176
Q

We have the sense to ____ not only warmth but cold.

of temperature are relative.

A

Sense

177
Q

_______ of temperature are relative.

A

Sensations

178
Q

No ____ ____ for pain in the brain.

A

Nerve ending

179
Q

Results when nociceptors in the skin are stimulated.

A

Pain

180
Q

Warning pain and reminding pain

A

2 types of pain

181
Q

an injury occurring right now or too close to a fir

A

WARNING PAIN

182
Q

headache or soreness

A

REMINDING PAIN

183
Q

Reported by two out of three combat veterans with amputated limbs.

A

Phantom Limb Pain

184
Q

May involve activation of nerves in the stump of missing limb.

A

Phantom Limb Pain

185
Q

Nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time.

A

Gate Theory of Pain

186
Q

Rubbing the pain area competes for neural attentio

A

Gate Theory of Pain

187
Q

Rubbing the pain area competes for neural attention _____many nerves from transmitting pain messages to the brain.

A

prevents

188
Q

Ancient Chinese method of pain control.

A

Acupuncture

189
Q

In use for thousands of years.

Matrix movie

A

Acupuncture

190
Q

Informs one about the position and motion of parts of the body.

A

Kinesthesis

191
Q

Sensory information is sent to the brain from sensory organs in joints, tendons, and muscles.

A

Kinesthesis

192
Q

Informs the brain as to whether one is physically upright

A

Vestibular Sense

193
Q

Sensory organs in the semicircular canals and other parts of ears monitor motion and position of the body in relation to gravity.

A

Vestibular Sense

194
Q

You get dizzy when you spin around because your ear fluid keeps spinning even when you stop spinning is an example of ?

A

Vestibular Sense

195
Q

Not really been proven.

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

196
Q

Joseph Banks Rhine

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

197
Q

Skepticism

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

198
Q

researchers are less likely to report results showing failure.

A

File Drawer problem

199
Q

We learn through__________.

A

associations

200
Q

Children learn that pots are hot after experiencing it once. is an example of?

A

we learn through associations

201
Q

Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from practice or experience.

A

Behaviorist Perspective

202
Q

Relatively permanent changes in the way one represents the environment due to experience.

A

Cognitive Perspective

203
Q

Form of learning in which a neutral stimulus evokes a response.

A

Classical Conditioning

204
Q

Response is usually evoked by another stimulus paired repeatedly with the neutral stimulus.

A

Classical Conditioning

205
Q

_____ are evoked by certain stimuli.

A

Reflexes

206
Q

unlearned response

A

Reflex

207
Q

environmental condition that evokes response.

A

Stimulus

208
Q

____ can be learned (conditioned) through Association.

A

Reflexes

209
Q

It is a form of associated learning.

A

Reflex

210
Q

Meat powder was placed on a dog’s tongue.

A

Ivan Pavlov’s Experiments

211
Q

Meat powder was placed on a dog’s tongue resulted in _____

A

Salivation

212
Q

The dogs began to salivate when they saw him because they expected him to give them ___.

A

treats

213
Q

Dog was trained to salivate at the sound of a tone or a bell.

A

Conditioned reflexes

214
Q

sound of bell (bc at beginning of experiment the bell meant nothing to the dogs.)

A

Neutral stimulus

215
Q

food

A

Stimulus

216
Q

Salivation

A

Target Response

217
Q

Known as conditioned responses

A

conditioned reflex

218
Q

They learned that when the bell rings, they get a treat.

A

this was their conditioned response or reflex

219
Q

Dog learned to salivate in response to the tone because the tone had been paired with meat powder.

A

Behaviorist perspective

220
Q

Meat Powder

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

221
Q

Salivation

A

Unconditioned Response

222
Q

ringing of the bell

A

Conditioned Stimulus

223
Q

salivation

A

Conditioned Response-

224
Q

The response never changes in _________

A

classical conditioning.

225
Q

Conditioned means ______

A

learned

226
Q

Unconditioned means______

A

unlearned.

227
Q

_____ is anything that evokes of elicits a response.

A

Stimulus

228
Q

Conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response.

A

Extinction

229
Q

Conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

Extinction

230
Q

Time passes

A

Spontaneous Recovery

231
Q

Conditioned stimulus elicits the Conditioned Response

A

Spontaneous Recovery

232
Q

The dogs learned association with the men to food.

A

Classical Conditioning

233
Q

Tendency for CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

A

Generalization

234
Q

dog salivated when they saw an oval after being conditioned to salivate at a circle. is an example of ?

A

Generalization

235
Q

CR evoked by limited range of stimuli

A

Discrimination

236
Q

Caused due to presenting a range of stimuli but repeatedly pairing only the one CS with the UCS

A

Discrimination

237
Q

Example: dogs did not salivate when they saw square after being conditioned to salivate at a circle. is an example of ?

A

Discrimination

238
Q

Previously neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being repeatedly paired with that CS.

A

Higher Order Conditioning

239
Q

Demonstrated by Pavlov when he conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone.

A

Higher Order Conditioning

240
Q

Repeatedly paired a light with the tone.

A

Higher Order Conditioning

241
Q

After several pairings, light evoked salivation.

A

Higher Order Conditioning

242
Q

________ ________ looks at reflexes and involuntary responses.

A

Classical Conditioning

243
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Adaptation of Classical Conditioning:

244
Q

Motivates organisms to avoid harmful foods

A

Adaptive

245
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

Application Of Classical Conditioning

246
Q

Albert was conditioned to fear a ___

A

rat

247
Q

Generalized to other furry organisms.

Showed how humans are biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop certain fears.

A

Little Albert Experiment

Psychology (5 decks)

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