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HDM Exam #2 > Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Th0 cell

A

Produces several various helper T subsets: Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh.

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2
Q

Th1 cells

A

Activate a cell-mediated immune response.

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3
Q

Th2 cells

A

Activate an Ab-mediated immune response. Helminths and parasites.

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4
Q

Th17 cells

A

Involved in inflammation and anti-bacterial response.

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5
Q

Tfh cells

A

Remain in the LN and help B cells.

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6
Q

Inducing cytokines of Treg:

A

IL-2 and TGF-beta.

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7
Q

Cytokines produced by Treg (3):

Transcription factors of Treg cells (2)

A

TGF-beta
IL-10
IL-35

STAT6
FXP3

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8
Q

Inducing cytokine of Th1:

A

IL-12

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9
Q

Cytokines produced by Th1 (1):

Transcription factors of Th1 (2)

A

IFN-gamma

STAT4
T-bet

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10
Q

Inducing cytokine of Th2:

A

IL-4

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11
Q

Cytokines produced by Th2 (3):

Transcription factors of Th2 cells (2):

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

STAT6
GATA3

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12
Q

Inducing cytokines of Th17:

A

TGF-beta and IL-6

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13
Q

Cytokines produced by Th17 (3):

Trancription factors of Th17 cells (3):

A

IL-17A
IL-17F
IL-22

CCL20
STAT3
RORyt

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14
Q

Th1 , Th2 and Th17 are all:

A

CD4+ helper cells.

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15
Q

TGF-beta function

A

Acts as an inhibitor/dampener of immune responses, but stimulates differentiation of Treg cells.

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16
Q

Development of Th1 cells

A

STAT4 and T-bet produced via IL-12 and IFN-gamma from NK cells activates STAT1, which together stimulates differentiation of naive CD4+ cells.

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17
Q

How does Th1 cells amplify their reproduction?

A

They produce IFN-gamma which inhibits the development of Th2 and Th17 cells.

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18
Q

How do macrophages respond to activation?

A

Produce ROSs, NO, lysosomal enzymes.
Secretion of cytokines.
Increased expression of B7 and MHC molecules.

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19
Q

IL-4 is produced by:

A

Mast cells and eosinophils.

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20
Q

What stimulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ cells to the Th2 subset?

A

By activating GATA-3 and STAT6.

IL-4 can also amplify the response by inhibiting the development of Th1 and Th17 cells.

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21
Q

Th1 activate _________, which can cause:

A 
M1.
Microbactericidal actions (phagocytosis, killing, etc) and Inflammation.
22
Q

Th2 activate __________, which can cuase:

A

M2.

Anti-inflammatory effects.

23
Q

Development of Th17 cells

A

Activation o RORyt and STAT3 via IL-1, IL-6 and TGF-beta which cause differentiation of Th17 cells.

24
Q

IL-21 function in development of T17 cells:

A

It is induced by RORyt and STAT3 which amplifies generation of Th17 cells in an autocrine manner.

25
Q

TGF-beta promotes Th17 responses by:

A

Suppressing Th1 and Th2 cells.

26
Q

IL-23 can cause:

A

Activation of Th17 cells.

27
Q

IL-17 produced by Th17 cells…

A

Protects from extracellular pathogens and is involved in inflammation and autoimmunity.

28
Q

Increased IL-17/IL-22 induces:

A

Inflammation and neutrophil response.

29
Q

Constitutive levels of IL-17/IL-22 causes:

A

Homeostasis.

30
Q

Helper T cells are restricted to:

A

MHC II.

31
Q

CTLs are restricted to:

A

MHC I.

32
Q

Cross presentation of APCs:

A

Allows APCs to present extracellular Ags on MHC I.

33
Q

Which is generated first: CD4+ or CD8+?

A

CD4+

34
Q

Licensing of DCs

A

Occurs when the CD4+ cell delivers activating signal via CD40L/CD40 signaling and cytokines (IFN-gamma) to DC after it recognizes Ag presented by an MHC II APC.

35
Q

CD40-CD40L and IFN-gamma upregulates:

A

Expression of CD80/CD86 and stimulates Ag cross-presentation, which makes them more efficient at inducing differentiation of CD8+ cells.

36
Q

How do CD8+ cells cause CTL differentiation w/o helper T cells?

A

CD8+ T cells recognize Ag and costimulators on APCs which causes CTL differentiation w/o helper T cells. IL-12.

37
Q

How do CD4+ helper T cells stimulate CTL differentiation?

A

CD4+ helper T cells produce cytokines that stimulate CTL differentiation. IL-2.

38
Q

How do CD4+ helper T cells enhance APCs ability to stimulate CTL differentiation?

A

They increase IFN-gamma causing increase of IL-12 which produces a potentiated response.

39
Q

What is the immunologic synapse and what is its fuction?

A

It is the small space between CTL and target cell. It ensures that normal bystander cells are not injured by CTLs.

40
Q

Fas/FasL mediated cell killing

A

FasL on CTL interacts with Fas on target cell, which triggers apoptosis.

41
Q

Two major mechanisms of killing:

A

Fas-FasL mediated and granzyme-mediated apoptosis.

42
Q

Granzymes A,B,C are:

A

Serine proteases.

43
Q

Granzyme B is the only one show to be:

A

Required for CTL toxicity in vivo.

44
Q

Perforin is homologous to:

A

C9 complement protein.

45
Q

Fas/FasL mediated apoptosis mechanism:

A

Binding of Fas/FasL recruits procaspace-8 via FADD adaptor and converts it to caspace-8.
In type I cells, caspace-8 directly cleaves caspace-3.
In type II cells, caspace-8 cleaves Bid which causes release of cytochrome C. Cytochrome C combines iwth Apaf-1, activates caspace-9 which activates caspace-3. Caspace-3 activates CAD via degredation of ICAD. Activated CAD causes DN degredation.

46
Q

How does Mycobacteria evade the IS?

A

Inhibits phagolysosome fusion.

47
Q

How does HSV evade the IS?

A

Inhibits Ag presentation by interfering w/ TAP transporter.

48
Q

How does CMV evade the IS?

A

Inhibition of Ag presentation via removal of MHC I from the ER.

49
Q

How does EBV evade the IS?

A

Inhibition of Ag presentation by inhibiting proteosomal activity.

50
Q

How does Pox virus evade the IS?

A

Inhibition of effector cell activation.

HDM Exam #2 (7 decks)

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