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Animal Science > BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT > Flashcards

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

one of the least develop among the livestock and poultry industries in the country

A

beef cattle industry

*for the past 11 years, cattle inventory has only increased at rate of 4.3% per year.

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2
Q

per capita annual consumption of beef in 1999

A

2.70 kg

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3
Q

top 5 producing regions

A
  1. Ilocos
  2. southern tagalog
  3. central visayas
  4. northern mindanao
  5. western visayas
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4
Q

beef production systems in the Philippines (2)

A
  1. ranching or extensive system

2. feedlot fattening operation

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5
Q

2 operations under ranching or extensive system

A
  1. cow-calf operation

2. purebred program or breeder farm operation

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6
Q

aim to produce stockers and feeders;

initial and most fundamental step in the beef enterprise is the production of the claves and raising it to weaning age

A
  1. cow-calf operation
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7
Q

Aim is to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers;
highly specialized form of beef production

A
  1. purebred program or breeder farm operation
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8
Q

the objective is to add weight to the animal and increase its value

A
  1. feedlot fattening operation
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9
Q

three main reasons why feedlot fattening operation is important to the livestock industry of the Philippines?

A
  1. provides farmer extra income
  2. gives him year-round work and allow the use of cheap, plentiful farm by-products such as corn stovers, hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane top w/c might otherwise wasted
  3. helps meet the urgent demand for high-protein foods in filipino diet
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10
Q

percentage of backyard sector

A

92% of total cattle production

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11
Q

backyard cattle raising is characterized by:

A
  1. 1 or 2 heads of either fattening or breeding cattle is raised on farmer’s spare time
  2. tethers animal to graze, then supplements this w/ farm wastes like rice straw or corn stovers/stalks
  3. practice of soiling and supplementing w/ ipil ipil as a source of protein, and rice bran, corn bran, or cops meal at 1-2 kg/ animal
  4. in batangas, force feeding (supa or supak) of feed mixture is a common practice among backyard cattle raisers
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12
Q

modern cattle (3)

A
  1. Aurochs (Bos primigenuis primigenius)
  2. Yak (poephagus grunniens)
  3. Genus bibos
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13
Q

india thought to be the homeland of primitive cattle w/c later expanded to eurasia and north africa

A
  1. Aurochs (Bos primigenuis primigenius)
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14
Q

related to aurochs,
from mountains of tibet,
some regions of middle asia, south siberia

A
  1. Yak (poephagus grunniens)
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15
Q

from india, malay archipelago and indochina, particularly burma
(B banteng) or ban cattle
(B frontalis) or gayal

A
  1. Genus bibos
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16
Q

europe origin such as shorthorn or jersey;

WITHOUT HUMPS and therefore of temperate origins

A

Bos taurus

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17
Q

tropical origin such as Brahman or Zebu of India or Afrikander of africa;
HUMP cattle;
adapted to tropical conditions

A

Bos indicus

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18
Q

crosses of two Sta. Gertrudis and Brangus

A 
Sta. Gertrudis (5/8 shorthorn,3/8 brahman)
and Brangus (5/8 brahman)
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19
Q

characteristics of zebu breeds (5)

A
  1. large hump over top of shoulder and neck
  2. large pendulous ears
  3. dewlap having large amounts of excess skin
  4. highly developed sweat glands (perspire more freely)
  5. oily secretion from sebaceous glands
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20
Q

zebu breeds (9)

A
  1. brahman
  2. indu-brazil
  3. kankref
  4. krishna
  5. nellore
  6. red sindhi
  7. sahiwal
  8. sta. gertudis
  9. tharparkar
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21
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

brahman

A

US,

meat hardiness

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22
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

Indu brazil

A

Brazil,

meat, hardiness

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23
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

kankref

A

india

draft, meat, milk

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24
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

krishna

A

india

draft, resistant to tick fever

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25
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

nellore

A

Brazil

meat

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26
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

red sindhi

A

pakistan

Milk

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27
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

sahiwal

A

India

Milk

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28
Q

Sta. gertrudis

A

US

Beef quality

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29
Q

zebu breed
Country and products

tharparkar

A

India

Milk, Draft

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30
Q

temperate breeds (8)

A
  1. Angus
  2. Chianina
  3. symmental
  4. Ayrshire
  5. Brown swiss
  6. Guernsey
  7. Holstein-Friesian
  8. Jersey
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31
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Angus

A

Scotland

Meat

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32
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

chianina

A

Italy

draft, Meat

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33
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Simmental

A

Switzerland

Milk, Butter, Cheese, Draft

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34
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Ayrshire

A

Scotland

Milk, butter, cheese

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35
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Brown swiss

A

Switzerland

Milk, Cheese

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36
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Guernsey

A

France

Milk, High butterfat

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37
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Holstein-Friesian

A

Netherlands

High-producing Dairy cow

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38
Q

temperate breed
Country and products

Jersey

A

France

Milk, butterfat

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39
Q

there are 278 identifiable breeds

beef breeds
draft     "
meat-draft 
meat-dairy
dairy-draft
meat-dairy-draft
dairy breeds
A 
beef breeds = 33
draft  breeds = 18
meat-draft = 39
meat-dairy = 54
dairy-draft = 21
meat-dairy-draft = 61
dairy breeds = 51
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40
Q

the most impact was carried through the brahman thriugh the pioneering of efforts of?

A

Mr. Antonio Nocom of Ansa farms of tiboli;
Tantangan in South cotabato and Lipa, Batangas;
sarangani cattle owned by the Consunji’s

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41
Q

brought cattle to the new world

A

christopher columbus and others

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42
Q

at present, they holds the distinction as the only southeast asian breeder of the beefalo. in fact, it holds the most number of beefalo, they holds the most number of beefalo semen outside of north america

A

MATHLING CORPORATION OF LANAO DEL SUR

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43
Q

the controlled propagation of cattle to improve qualities desirable to man

A

breeding

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44
Q

traits in w/c there is a sharp distinction between phenotypes;
usually, one or few pairs of genes are involved in the expression this traits.
SHOW DISCONTINOUS VARIATIONS

A

Qualitative traits

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45
Q

show continous variations between the extremes, because the trait is the sum of several effects caused by the gene

A

Quantitative traits

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46
Q

Qualitative traits examples

A
  • coat color
  • homed or polled
  • certain blood characteristics (blood types, presence or absence of particular enzymes)
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47
Q

Quantitative traits examples

A
  • growth rate
  • live weight
  • body measurements and maturity
  • milk yield
  • milk composition
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48
Q

it is possible to establish the fraction of total variation in the population that is caused by the additive effects of the genes. this fraction is known as ?

A

heritability

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49
Q

heritability

show that variations observed in the population of the traits is determined by genetics

A

1.00

50
Q

heritability

variations observed in the population of the traits is entirely due to environment

A

0.00

51
Q

heritability

variation is equally due to genetic and environment

A

0.50

52
Q

are defined as several types mating to combine desirable qualititative and quantitative characteristics through mating sysytems w/c are planned or non-random

A

breeding systems

53
Q

breeding systems (3)

A
  1. random mating (or unplanned)
  2. Inbreeding
  3. crossbreeding
54
Q

types of inbreeding (3)

A
  1. close breeding
  2. line breeding
  3. strain breeding
55
Q

types of cross breeding (2)

A
  1. systematic crossbreeding

2. upgrading

56
Q

this means each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence

A
  1. random mating (or unplanned)
57
Q

mating of closely related individuals w/in a breed

A
  1. Inbreeding
58
Q

effects of Inbreeding (4)

A
  1. marked decrease in fertility
  2. reduces vigor
  3. decrease in growth rate of offspring
  4. reduces viability of the offspring
59
Q

mating of close relatives (ex. father-daughter, son-mother, brother, sister

A

close breeding

60
Q

breeding of not so close relatives (ex. cousins)
this is a form mild inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of the genetic constitution of the progeny

A

line breeding

61
Q

a very mild form of inbreeding w/c leads to increase homozygousity w/in the strain in the long term

A

strain breeding

62
Q

meeting of individuals from two or more established purebreds

A

cross breeding

63
Q

purpose/ benefits of cross breeding (2)

A
  1. to increase heterozygousity

2. to take advantage of hybrid vigor or heterosis

64
Q

the average quality of the 1st generation exceeding the average of the 2 parental breeds

A

hybrid vigor

65
Q

is displayed mainly in the fitness traits, fertility and viability

A

heterosis

66
Q

type of cross breeding w/c 2 or more breeds are involved in a breeding program lasting several yrs. this way, a crossbred w/c may eventually stabilized into a breed, (ex. Brangus (brahman x Angus); Charbray (Charolsis x brahman)

A

systematic breeding

67
Q

type of crossbreeding w/c is the mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native female and their offspring generation after generation

A

Upgrading

68
Q

Reproduction phenomenon

sexual maturity (bulls/heifer)

A

6-8 mos.

69
Q

estrus cycle

A

18 -24 days (Ave. 21 days)

70
Q

estrus duration

Exotic/ european breeds -
indigenous/ zebu breeds -

A

Exotic/ european breeds - 14- 18 hrs.

indigenous/ zebu breeds - 10-12 hrs

71
Q

ovulation

A

10-14 hrs after end of estrus

72
Q

parturition

A

Ave. 283 days

73
Q

Bull Ejaculate

A

2- 12ml of 500 or more sperm cells/ml

*Sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hrs.

74
Q

signs of Estrus

A
  1. mount others
  2. reddening and swelling of vulva
  3. mucous discharge
  4. isolates herself
  5. seem sickly and has no appetite
  6. frequent urination, restlessness and sometime bellowing or mooing
  7. standing still when mounted (the only reliable or true sign of estrus; estrus is defined as the period of sexual receptivity of the female to the male
75
Q

breeding methods

A
  1. natural method

2. Artificial Insemination

76
Q

2 types of natural method

A
  1. hand mating

2. pasture mating

77
Q

conventional use of bull to impregnate a heifer or cow

A
  1. natural method
78
Q

hand mating

bull in good condition can serve 3-4x a week or one service every other day

I. 18 mos. old -
Ii. 2 yrs old -
Iii. 3yrs old -

A

I. 18 mos. old - 1:12-15
Ii. 2 yrs old - 1:20-25
Iii. 3yrs old - 1:40-50

79
Q

pasture mating (2-3 mos. old)

I. 2-3 yrs. old bull -
Ii. 9 yrs old bull -

A

I. 2-3 yrs. old bull - 10-15 cows

Ii. 9 yrs old bull - 20-25 cows

80
Q

process including fertilization in female w/o the benefit of sexual contact between male and female animals

A

artificial insemination

81
Q

AI guideline:

A

“Females observed in estrus in the morning, are inseminated late afternoon of the same day. those observed in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time the next day.”

82
Q

some indicators of good breeding or Reproductive management (5)

A

a. conception rate (pregnancy)
b. % (90 or 120 day) non returns
c. calving rate
d. calving interval
e. 1st heat after parturition

83
Q

% of breeding females that conceived versus the total exposed females

A

a. conception rate (pregnancy)

            cows pregnant at end of breeding season CR =         \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x 100
            cows exposed during breeding season
84
Q

% of breeding females confined pregnant at 90 or 120 days, by pregnancy diagnosis, versus the total exposed females. this is similar to conception rate.

A

b. % (90 or 120 day) non returns

85
Q

% of breeding females that give birth versus the total exposed females

A

c. calving rate

86
Q

the average length of time (in days) between successive calving

   * can be calculated for each cow or the entire herd
   * one year is ideal. 18 mos. is common
A

d. calving interval

87
Q

the uccurrence of estrus after giving birth to a young. 1st heat is related to calving interval

A

e. 1st heat after parturition

88
Q

common feeds for ruminants (4)

A
  1. forages
  2. by-products forages
  3. concentrate
  4. use of urea in ruminant ration
89
Q

is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes

A
  1. forages
90
Q

most of these are highly fibrous (rice, straw, corn cobs, sugar cane tops), low in CP and TDN and have poor digestibility

A
  1. by-products forages
91
Q

unlike in developed countries, little amount of grain is fed ruminants locally. copra meal, rice bran, wheat pollard are commonly used by-product concentrates, contain from 20% as in case of molasses to 21% in copra meal

A
  1. concentrate
92
Q

has a long used as partial protein source ruminants in other countries

A
  1. use of urea in ruminant ration
93
Q

the ffg. giudelines are recommended for safe use of urea:

A

add fertilizer grade urea at not more than:

a. 1% of the ration (dry matter basis)
b. 2.3% of the concentrate mixture, (air-dry basis)
c. 25.30% of the total dietary protein

94
Q

ensures the appropriate nutrition of various age groups of the herd;
prevent premature breeding w/c seriously affect the growth of young bulls and heifers and prevent the high rate of abortion resulting from butting and fighting of animals

A

herd division

95
Q

animals may be divided into the ffg. herds:

A
  1. pregnant herd
  2. breeding herd
  3. heifer herd
  4. steers, feeders or fattening herd
  5. bull herd
96
Q

composed of pregnant females. cows are grouped w/ the breeding herd during the breeding season

A
  1. pregnant herd
97
Q

consists of dry cows and heifers ready for breeding. after the breeding season, pregnant animals are transferred to the pregnant herd.

A
  1. breeding herd
98
Q

composed of heifers not yet ready for breeding. heifer calves are included in this herd after weaning

A
  1. heifer herd
99
Q

consists of growing cattle and those to be fattened for the market

A
  1. steers, feeders or fattening herd
100
Q

consists of mature males kept mainly for servicing the breeder cows.

A
  1. bull herd
101
Q

signs of pregnancy

A
  1. cessation of estrus or heat
  2. enlargement of the abdomen and udder
  3. palpation 60-90 days after breeding (more reliable pregnancy test)
102
Q

is the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cattle

A

palpation

103
Q

should suckle colostrum milk from their mother w/in 3 hrs after calving

A

calves

104
Q

are usually maintaned at the pasture w/ very little attention, they are given salt and mineral supplement

A

grower

105
Q

require a shorter period to reach slaughter weight. they are generally bigger, mature, or nearing maturity.
however, one and a half - 2yr old animals weighing 200-300 kg are preferred.

A

fatteners

*they maybe fattened either in feedlot, on pasture or both areas

106
Q

this practice is necessary for management purposes and to denote ownership

A

cattle identification

107
Q

is the most common method of identifying cattle. the owner brand is placed on the animals left foreleg

A

branding w/ hot iron

108
Q

other effective methods of identifying cattle

A

putting ear legs or ear notches

109
Q

advantage of dehorning

A
  1. they occupy less space in transit or shipment

2. they are more uniform in appearance

110
Q

both effective ways of surgically removing testicles (castrating)

A

*slit and cap methods

111
Q

bloodless castration

A

can be done w/ burdizzo pinchers or emasculators

112
Q

tends to decrease the rate of live weight gain by 15% - 20%

A

castration

113
Q

breeding stock w/ poor performance that should be culled for slaughter:

A
  1. cow that calves every one and a half to 2 yrs
  2. produces little amount of milk and raises small calf despite of good feeding and management.
  3. small, weak, and unhealthy animals w/c are susceptible to diseases and may become the source of infection of the herd if not removed on time
  4. heifers that do not come in heat in spite of proper age, good size, healthy condition, vigor and strength.
  5. heifers that fail to meet the standard set for breeding herd
  6. bull and cows w/c have undesirable heriditary defects such as inverted teats, hernia, dwarfism, bull dog, cryptorchidism, and the like
114
Q

failure of one or both teats in descend normally

A

cryptorchidism

115
Q

some important diseases in cattle

A
  1. FMD
  2. hemorrhagic septicemia
  3. Anthrax
  4. blackleg (malignant)
  5. tetanus
116
Q

pasteurella multocida

A

hemorrhagic septicemia

117
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

Anthrax

118
Q

clostridium chauveilsepticum

A

blackleg (malignant)

119
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetanus

120
Q

apthovirus types A, O, C Phil

A

FMD

Animal Science (20 decks)

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