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sociology A-level year 12 > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

What is the birth rate defined as

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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2
Q

2 factors affecting birth rate

A

1) the proportion of women who are of childbearing age (15-44)
2) how fertile they are

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3
Q

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)

A

The average number of children women will have during their fertile years

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4
Q

What is the changes in births show us (3)

A
  • more women are remaining childless
  • women are postponing having children
  • more migrant women have lots of children
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5
Q

General reasons for the decline in birth rate (4)

A
  • changes in position of women
  • decline in infant mortality rate
  • children have become an economic liability
  • child centredness
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6
Q

How has the changes in the role of women affect the birth rate (3)

A
  • have the same equal rights compared to men
  • education opportunities
  • more women in paid employment- with equal pay
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7
Q

How has the decline in the infant mortality rate affected the birth rate (3)

A
  • better sanitation, improved housing
  • better nutrition
  • mass immunisation
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8
Q

How has the fact that children have become an economic liability affected the birth rate (2)

A
  • laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the age in which children should leave school
  • children are very expensive
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9
Q

How has child centredness affected the birth rate

A
  • now people have fewer children in order to spoil them etc, also kids are very expensive
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10
Q

What was the main reason for the slight increase in the birth rate

A

The increase in immigration

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11
Q

Babies born to mothers from outside the uk accounted for ….

A

25% of all births in 2011

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12
Q

How can the number of babies born affect the family

A

-the smaller the family= cheaper it will be. Also more mothers would be able to work creating a dual earner couple

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13
Q

How can the number of babies born affect the DEPENDANCY RATIO

A

-the money of the working population (e.g. parents) must support the non working part of the population (kids)

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14
Q

What is the dependancy ratio

A

The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working part of the population

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15
Q

Death:

What is the death rate

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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16
Q

What was the death rate in 1900 then in 2012

A

1900- 19

2012- it had fallen to 8.9

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17
Q

General reasons for the decline in the death rate (4)

A
  • decline in deaths from infectious disease
  • medical improvements
  • improved nutrition
  • public health measures and environmental improvements
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18
Q

How has there been a decline in deaths from infectious disease (2)

A

-diseases of affluence such as heart disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases.
These diseases affected middle/old men

-some diseases became less powerful (natural resistance against disease)

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19
Q

How did medical improvements decline the death rate rate (2)

A
  • improved medical knowledge, techniques

- advances included: intro of antibiotics, immunisation, NHS

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20
Q

How has improved nutrition declined the death rate

A

-it has increased resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those becoming infected

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21
Q

How has public health measures declined the death rate (3)

A
  • laws were passed about keeping streets clean
  • improvements to houses
  • purer water
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22
Q

What were men expected to live until in 2013

A

90.7 years

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23
Q

What were women expected to live until in 2013

A

94 years

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24
Q

The ageing population:

What was the average age of the uk population in 2013

A

25

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25
Q

How much of the the population in 2011 were 65 and plus

A

1 in 6 of the population

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26
Q

The ageing population is a result of what 3 factors

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • declining infant mortality rate
  • declining fertility
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27
Q

Effects of an ageing population:

Public services

A

-consume a large section of the health care

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28
Q

Effects of an ageing population:

One-person pensioner households

A

-most of these are female as they live longer than men

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29
Q

One-person pensioner households account for about ….

A

1 in 8 of all households

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30
Q

Effects of an ageing population:

the dependency ratio (2)

A
  • the non-working old people are dependant on the working age for pensions and health care
  • as the number of retired people increases the dependancy ratio increases
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31
Q

Describe the modernist view on ageism

A

-the old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them to be financially dependant on others

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32
Q

What does marxist Phillipson say about ageism (modernity)

A

-that the old are no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive, as a result the state doesn’t help them so the family has to (they are seen as a burden)

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33
Q

What does the postmodernism view say about ageism (3)

A
  • linked to the “do it yourself” biography
  • people decide when to retire
  • they are in charge of their own life
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34
Q

What policy implications are there with regards to ageism (2)

A
  • old people may have to move into smaller houses for big families to move in
  • people could pay more from taxes or save more money in order to fund their lifestyle when they retire
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35
Q

What does Pilcher argue about inequalities such as gender and class (arguments about pensions) (3)

A
  • the middle class have better occupational pensions and greater savings from higher salaries
  • poorer old people have a shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity
  • women’s lower earnings and career breaks mean lower pensions
36
Q

What does migration mean (2)

A
  • It refers to the movement of people from place to place

- it can be internal or international

37
Q

What does immigration mean

A

-movement into a society

38
Q

What does emigration mean

A

Movement out of a society

39
Q

What is net migration

A

The difference between the numbers immigrating and emigrating and is expressed as a net increase or decrease due to migration

40
Q

Immigration:

What was the largest migrant group to the uk from 1900

A

Irish

41
Q

Immigration:

After the Irish, who else immigrated to the uk

A

Eastern and Central European Jews who were often refugees

42
Q

Immigration:

Who settled in the uk in the 1960s and 70s (3)

A
  • black immigrants from the Caribbean
  • South Asian: pakistanis, bengalis
  • East African Asians from kenya
43
Q

Immigration:

By 2011 minority ethnic groups accounted for …

A

12.1% of the total population

44
Q

Emigration:

Since 1900 where did the great majority of emigrants go to

A

The US and the old Commonwealth countries (Canada etc)

45
Q

Emigration:

What was the push factor that made people emigrate

A

The economic recession and unemployment

46
Q

Emigration:

What were the pull factors that made people emigrate (2)

A
  • high wages

- better opportunities abroad

47
Q

Impact of migration on population size:

What was the net migration in 2012 into the Uk

A

176,000

48
Q

Impact of migration on population size:

What was the net migration in 2004

A

223,000

49
Q

Impact of migration on population size:

What was the key reason for the increase in the net migration in 2004 since 1991

A

The expansion of the EU in 2004 including 10 new member states giving citizens the right to live and work in the uk

50
Q

Impact of migration on age structure:

In 2011 what was the average age of uk passport holders

A

41

51
Q

Impact of migration on age structure:

What was the average age of non-uk passport holders in 2011

A

31

52
Q

Impact of migration on age structure:

How does the age structure immigrants affect the population size

A

Immigrants are usually younger and so more fertile so they produce more kids

53
Q

The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:

What reduces the dependency

A

Migrants that are of working age

54
Q

The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:

What contributes to a higher dependency ratio

A

More immigrant women that have high levels of fertility and produce lots of kids

55
Q

The impact of migration on the dependency ratio:

How does more immigrant women having lots of children affect the ratio

A

Because it produces more workers in the long term

56
Q

The impact of migration on the distribution of the population:

What let to Britain seeing half of its population living in towns and cities (1851)

A

Internal migration during the industrial revolution

57
Q

The impact of migration on the distribution of the population:

How has london and the south east exerted an important pull

A

Because of the growth in finance and service industries located there

58
Q

What is globalisation

A

Countries and people are more interconnected

59
Q

What has led to globalisation (4)

A
  • the growth of communication systems
  • global media
  • the creation of global markets
  • expansion of the EU
60
Q

Trends in global migration (2)

A
  • acceleration

- differentiation

61
Q

Trends in global migration- acceleration:

What does this mean

A

-migration has been speeding up

62
Q

Trends in global migration- acceleration:

According to the United Nations (2013) international migration increased by …

A

33% between 2000-2013 to reach 232 million of the world’s population

63
Q

Trends in global migration- differentiation:

What does this mean

A

Globalisation is increasing the diversity of types of migrants

64
Q

Trends in global migration- differentiation:

Advantages of immigrants living in a stable ethnic community (3)

A
  • those that migrate will feel comfortable with the same ethnic people around them
  • supportive people
  • have the same religion/ religious building
65
Q

Trends in global migration- differentiation:

Disadvantages of immigrants living in a stable ethnic community (4)

A
  • conflict between different religious
  • cause segregation between other religions
  • may not experience other religions/cultures
  • may increase crime ad racist people may target them
66
Q

What did Vertovec say that globalisation led to

A

“Super-diversity”

67
Q

What does Cohen say about citizens

A

They have full citizenship rights e.g. voting however since the 1970s the government has made it harder for immigrants to acquire these rights

68
Q

What does cohen say about denizens

A

They are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. highly paid employees

69
Q

What does cohen say about helots

A

(Literally slaves)- the most exploited group.

People regard them as “disposable u its of labour power” and they are found in unskilled, poorly paid work

70
Q

The feminisation of migration:

Almost half of all global migrants are …

A

Female

71
Q

The feminisation of migration:

What has it been called where female migrants are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s jobs as carers or providers of sexual services

A

The globalisation of the gender division if labour

72
Q

The feminisation of migration:

What did Ehrenreich and Hochschild find out

A

That care work, domestic work and sex work in western counties like the uk and the US is increasingly performed by women from poor countries

73
Q

The feminisation of migration:

What did Shutes report

A

That 40% of adult care nurses in the uk are migrants

74
Q

The feminisation of migration:

What other common job do migrant women do

A

-jobs where emotional labour is required such as nannies

75
Q

What is the meaning of hybrid identity

A

A mix of more than one culture and religion

76
Q

Transnational identities:

What did Eriksen say about globalisation

A

That it has created a more diverse migrant pattern where people migrate into different counties all the time and don’t just stay in one country

77
Q

Transnational identities:

A disadvantage of transnational identities (2)

A
  • you might not feel belonged into a country

- migrants may not get involved in the culture of the country

78
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What does this mean

A

Migration has raised issues with the government and now there are policies that to try and control migration

79
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What is assimilation

A

The first state policy approach to migration

-aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture

80
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What is the problem with assimilation policies

A

That transnational migrants with hybrid identities may not be willing to abandon their culture

81
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What is Multiculturalism

A

It accepts that migrants may wish ti retain a separate cultural identity

82
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What did Erikson say about shallow diversity

A

The state is more comfortable with shallow diversity such as accepting cultural foods as it does not intervene in people’s lives

83
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What did Erikson say about deep diversity

A

The state does not accept the unveiling of women or arranged marriages

84
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What did Castells say about assimilationist policies

A

They are counter-productive because they mark out minority groups such as “culturally-backward” this can lead to them responding by emphasising their difference

85
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What is the bad thing about assimilation policies against migrant people

A

It may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems such ad unemployment, resulting in racist scapegoating

86
Q

The politicisation of migration:

What did Castles and Kosack say about people blaming migrants

A

That it benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing united action in defence of their interests

sociology A-level year 12 (20 decks)

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