Midterm theory Flashcards
What are the three types of microscopes
Stereo microscope, Compound and Electron microscope
What are the three basic dimensions of light
Intensity Frequency and Polarization
What is numerical aperture
Estimate on how much light from the sample is collected from the objective
Magnification is defined by the ____ x _____
objective x eyepiece magnification
What are the six contrasting techniques
Brightfield, Darkfield, Phase Contrast, Polarization Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast and Fluoresence
In darkfield, only light that is ______ by structures in the sample enters the projective
scattered
What is brightfield microscopy
light transmitted only useful for specimens that have been dyed, low contrast
What is darkfield microscopy
ryas of light directed to the side so light is scattered
What is phase contrast microscopy
incident light out of phase with transmitted light, greater contrast image is seen
What is polarization contrast
Uses polarized light for illumination, light against black background
What is DIC
Differential Interference Contrast- synchronizing phase and polarization to make more contrast
What is used for a precursor for LM histology
formaldehyde
what has a faster turnover time; cryosectioning or standard sectioning
cryosectioning
What is the difference between TEM and SEM
TEM is 2D SEM 3D
Tissues that stain with a basic stain= ___________
basophilic
Tissues taht stain with an acidic stain = _________
acidophilic
Methyl green stains what colour
Green
Pyronin G stains what colour
Red
Hematoxylin stains what colour
Blue
What does H+E stand for
Hematoxylin (basic) and Eosin (acidic)
What does PAS stand for
Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction
What is an example of a metachromatic stain
Toluidine Blue
What does the stain PT stand for
Pararosaniline-Toluidine Blue
What stain is used for blood
Wright-Gimsa Stain
How does Wright-Giemsa stain blood
Azure blue stains WBC, eosin for RBC, Methylene blue stainsnuclei
What are the three stains to stain lipids
Sudan Black, Sudan IV, Congo Red
What are two types of Fluorescent stains
Acridine orange and DAPI
what is microscopic autoradiography
reveals location of newly synthesized glycoporteins containing fructose
What is in situ hybridization
localizes the cells expressing a gene or transcript of interest
What is direct immunocytochemistry
uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with alabel like a fluorescent compound. Antibodies bind specifically to the antigen
What is indirect immunocytochemistry
Uses a primary antibody made against the protein of interest and tehn a secondary antibody is obtained to specifically bind to the primary antibody, protein is amplified this way
T or F: multiple flurophores can be viewed in the same section
T
What are some benefits of confocal microscopy
Reduced blurring, increased resolution, clear examination of thick speicimens
What are the major lipid components of the plasma membrane
phospholipids and cholesterol
outer layer of the plasma membrane contains ______
glycolipids
What is the glycocalyx
provides important antigenic and functional properties to the cell surface
What are the three methods of molecule transportation through the cell membrane
Simple diffusion, channel and carrier/transporter
Ligands bind at a ____ affinity to specific surface receptors
high
Clatharin facillitates ______ of the coated pits
invagination
What are the three fates of ligands
- carried to endosomes and then lysosomes for degredation
- released internally and recycled to hte cell surface
- maybe move to fuse with another cell surface where ligands released again outside teh cell
What is the role of the RER
site for synthesis of most emembrane bound proteins
What is the role of SER
lipid biosynthesis, detoxification of potentially harmful compounds, steriod synthesis and dequestration of Ca2+ ions
What is the role of ribosomes
synthesize cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins ofr import into hte nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisomes
Misfolded proteins are congugated to ____ and targeted for proteosomal degredation
ubiquitin
Characteristics of Erythroblast
cells that amke foew or no proteins for secretion, gery little RER
what is eosinophillic leukocyte
cells that syntehsize, segregate and sore various proteins in specific secretory granules. Have RER, Golgi and granules
What is a plasma cell
cells with extensive RER and well developed Golgi, show few secretory granules because cell undergo exocytosis immediately after golgi is complete
what is a pancreatic acinar cell
epithelial cells specialized for secretion and have distinct polarity, RER abundant
T or F: SER contains ribosomes
F
What are some characteristics of the Golgi
complex system of vesicles and cisternae in which proteins made in the RER undergo further modification and sorting into specific vesicles destined for different roles in the cell
iWhat is the role of secretory granules
form as the contents of the golgi, vacuoles become more condensed
What are some funcitons of lysosomes
Synthesis in the RER, packaging in the golgi,
Phagocytic vacuoles fuse with primary lysosomes to become secondary vesicles
-function as sites of intracellular digestion
What is the best stain to view lysosomes
Toluidine Blue
What is autophagy
process in which the cell uses lysosomes to dispose of excess or nonfunctioning organelles and membranes
What is a peroxisome
small spherical organelle involved in fatty acid metabolism and xenobiotic metabolysm, Utilize O2 to remove hydrogen from fatty acids but do not produce ATP
What are actin microfilaments
form a dynamic network important for cell shape changes
what are microtubules
stabilize cell shape, form the tracks for kinesin based transport of vesicles and organelles
What are intermediate filaments
provide mechanical stenght and stability
What is the centrosome
microtubule organizing cneter for hte mitotic spindle
Each centriole consists of __ microtubular triplets
9
Silver staining is effective for the organelle ____
Golgi
The ultrastructure of a nucleus contains the __________, _________ and the ________
heterochromatin, euchromatin and nucleolous
Barr bodies determine what?
Sex
Role of nuclear pore complexes
regulate the bidirectional transfer of macromolecular complexes between the nucleus and cytoplasm
What is the nuclear lamina
meshwork assembled from lamins
what does FISH stand for
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
What are proto-oncogenes
involved in cell proliferation and differentiation
Oncogenes result in:
uncontrolled cell division, tumor and hematologic cancers
What is apoptosis
programmed cell death, cell suicide (me)
What is tissue
any distinct material in which animals are amde, consisting of specailized cells and their products
What is epithelial tissue
a cell layer with a tree surface, lining a cavity or some body surface
what are the functional properties of epithelial tissue
secretion, selective absorption, protection, cellular transport and sensing