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Spanish II Flashcards

1
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

around there, that way

A

por allí

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1
Q

Phrase: es que

A

The fact is….

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2
Q

ESTAR

(past - pretérito)

A

estuve

estuviste

estuvo

estuvimos

estuvisteis

estuvieron

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2
Q

POR vs PARA

When taking about exchange, including sales

A

POR

Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro

(He gave me ten dollars for the book)

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2
Q

Differences in use of the Definite article between talking of a person and talking to a person

A

The definite article is used when talking about a person, but it is not used when talking directly to a person.

El señor Gómez es profesor.

Señor Gómez, ¿es usted profesor?

La señorita está muy bonita.

¡Señorita! Usted está muy bonita esta noche.

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2
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por ningún lado

A

nowhere

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2
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Conocer

A

Preterite - met

Conocí a Juan hace cinco años.

I met Juan five years ago.(completed action)

Imperfect - knew

En aquella época conocíamos muy bien la ciudad.

At that time we knew the city very well.(no definite beginning or end)

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2
Q

Phrase:

¿Y eso?

A

Why is that?

Use as another option instead of ¿Por qué?

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2
Q

How to end a letter

A

Besos - kisses

Abrazos - hugs

Hasta pronto - See you then

Saludos - similar to english regards

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3
Q

FUTURO - Future

venir

A

vendré

vendrás

vendrá

vendremos

vendréis

vendrán

venir - (stem changing venir->vendr)

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4
Q

When referring to the thing you most liked or least liked with gustar

A

lo que más me gusta

lo que menos me gusta

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5
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo tanto

A

consequently

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5
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

separately

A

por separado

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6
Q

Present Progressive

A

estar + present participle

I am speaking (right now, at this moment)

Never use present progressive for something that will occur in the future

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6
Q

escoger

yo …..

A

(to choose)

escojo

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7
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por desgracia

A

unfortunately

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7
Q

Present Subjunctive

-zar verbs

Example: empezar (e:ie)

A

z changes to c before e

(present subjunctive)

empiece

empieces

empiece

empecemos

empecéis

empiecen

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8
Q

How to test for when to use the imperfect tense.

Try substituting one of the following:

was/were …ing

used to …

would (meaning used to) …

A

I worked in the agency during the day.

I was working in the agency during the day.

I visited my grandmother every day.

I used to visit my grandmother every day.

Every afternoon I took a nap.

Every afternoon I would take a nap.

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9
Q

Comparative (inequality) - affirmative and followed by number

A

más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + de

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9
Q

Subject pronouns and object pronouns differences

A

Only the 1st person and 2nd person singular are different

yo mí

tú ti

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9
Q

poner

yo …..

A

(to put, to place)

pongo

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9
Q

Phrase

How nice/what joy

A

¡qué alegría!

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10
Q

POR vs PARA

“estar ????” means to be in the mood or inclined to do something

A

POR

Model: Estoy por tomar café

(I’m in the mood for drinking coffee)

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10
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo visto

A

apparently

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10
Q

Imperfect tense

regular -ar

A
  • aba
  • abas
  • aba
  • ábamos
  • abais
  • aban

hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban

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10
Q

Phrases to use when saying something is in the morning

A

De la mañana - use when in combination with a specific time

Por la mañana - use without specific time to mean anytime in the morning

Also use for tarde and noche.

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11
Q

SABER vs CONOCER

A

saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart)

conocer: to know(to be familiar with people, places, things)

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11
Q

ver

yo …..

A

(to see)

veo

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11
Q

When a verb follows a preposition

When a reflexive verb follows a preposition

A

It remains in the infinitive

It remains in the infinitive and the reflexive part changes to agree with subject and remains on end of verb:

Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.

Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.

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11
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por separado

A

separately

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11
Q

Preterite

huir

follows same form: (construir, contribuir, incluir)

A

huí

huiste

huyó

huimos

huisteis

huyeron

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11
Q

Present Subjunctive

Conocer

A

conozca

conozcas

conozca

conozcamos

conozcáis

conozcan

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11
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

ir

A

fui

fuiste

fue

fuimos

fuisteis

fueron

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12
Q

valer

yo …..

A

(to be worth)

valgo

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13
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

caber

A

cupe

cupiste

cupo

cupimos

cupisteis

cupieron

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14
Q

PAGAR

(past - pretérito)

A

pagué

pagaste

pagó

pagamos

pagasteis

pagaron

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15
Q

When to use Object pronouns?

A

Use this set of pronouns to replace the noun that comes immediately after a preposition.

Juan habla de mí.

Juan speaks of me.

Hablo con ellos.

I speak with them.

Pablo compró un anillo para ella.

Pablo bought a ring for her.

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15
Q

Present Subjunctive

Verbs with irregular first persons in present indicative

Conocer Tener Salir

A

conozca tenga salga

conozcas tengas salgas

conozca tenga salga

conozcamos tengamos salgamos

conozcáis tengáis salgáis

conozcan tengan salgan

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16
Q

Transitive and intransitive constructions

A

In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object).

The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)

The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)

In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form.

The sun dried the clothes. (transitive) El sol secó la ropa.

The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive) La ropa se secó al sol.

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18
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por último

A

finally

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18
Q

Ver

(Imperfect)

A

veía

veías

veía

veíamos

veíais

veían

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18
Q

How to open an email

A

Pedro,

Hola Pedro,

Hola Sna. Rodriguez,

(**Note use of comma**)

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18
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

inside

A

por dentro

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19
Q

Quedar vs Encontrarse vs Conocer

A

Quedar is to meet someone when it is planned

Quedar con {alguien}

Encontrarse to meet someone by accident

Encontrarse a {alguien}

Conocer is to meet someone for the first time

Conocer a {alguien}

{conocía a -> past}

{voy a conocer -> future}

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20
Q

Definite article

Feminine singular nouns that begin with an emphasized a or ha

A

Use the masculine form of the article.

el agua

el hacha

el hambre

el águila

Note only applies to singular form, in plural they go back to feminine:

las aguas

las hachas

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21
Q

Comparative (inequality) - negative and followed by number

A

no …… más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que

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21
Q

Demonstratives

Difference between adjective and pronoun

A

Adjective describes a noun

Pronoun replaces a noun

This book is mine. (adjective) That book is yours.(adjective)

This (one) is mine. (pronoun) That (one) is yours. (pronoun)

Juan reads this book. (adjective) Juan lee este libro.

Juan reads this. (pronoun) Juan lee este.

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21
Q

Compound geographic names

A

The definite article is always used with compound geographic names.

la América Central

la América del Sur

los Estados Unidos

la Gran Bretaña

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21
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Saber

A

Preterite - found out

**María lo supo ayer. ** Maria found out yesterday.(completed action)

Imperfect - knew

**Juan sabía que María venía. ** Juan knew that Maria was coming.(no definite beginning or end)

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22
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

perder

A

perdí

perdiste

perdió

perdimos

perdisteis

perdieron

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23
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo general

A

generally

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24
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

casar vs casarse con

A

casar - to perform a marriage ceremony

casarse con - to become married to someone

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25
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por adelantado

A

in advance

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26
Q

Ver vs Mirar

A

Ver is the simple act of seeing something or someone;

to refer to watching of television, play or movie;

watching a sporting event;

anticipation of an outcome;

indicate understanding;refer to a visit with someone

Mirar is used: to indicate deliberating looking rather than mere seeing;

to indicate the orientation of something

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27
Q

Hablar

(Present Subjunctive)

A

hable

hables

hable

hablemos

habléis

hablen

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28
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

vivir

A

viviré

vivirás

vivirá

viviremos

viviréis

vivirán

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29
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por ejemplo

A

for example

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29
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por suerte

A

fortunately

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29
Q

Present Subjunctive

Sentir

A

sienta

sientas

sienta

sintamos

sintáis

sientan

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30
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por amor de Dios

A

for the love of God

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31
Q

Phrase:

pasar cosas

A

to have experiences, adventures

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32
Q

Present Subjunctive

Regular -er & -ir verbs

A
  • a
  • as
  • a
  • amos
  • áis
  • an
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32
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

certainly

A

por cierto

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34
Q

Present Subjunctive

Contar

A

cuente

cuentes

cuente

contemos

contéis

cuenten

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35
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por supuesto

A

of course

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36
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Querer

A

Preterite - tried

**María quiso comprar la casa. ** Maria tried to buy the house.(completed action)

Imperfect - wanted

**Juan quería comprar la casa. ** Juan wanted to buy the house.(no definite beginning or end)

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37
Q

PODER

(Past - Pretérito)

A

pude

pudiste

pudo

pudimos

pudisteis

pudieron

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37
Q

POR vs PARA

in passive constructions

A

POR

Model: El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz

(The book was written by Octavio Paz)

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37
Q

Volver a + INFINITIVE

A

To do something again

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37
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

ir vs irse

A

ir - to go

irse - to go away, to leave

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38
Q

SER and ESTAR

contrasting uses

A

When a noun follows => use ser

When an adjective follows => decide between essence (ser) & condition (estar)

To tell where something is from => use ser

To tell where something is located right now => use estar

To tell where an event is taking place => use ser

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39
Q

Comparative (inequality) -

affirmative and not followed by number

A

**más/menos **+ adjective/adverb/noun + que

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41
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

quitar vs quitarse

A

quitar - to take away

quitarse - to take off

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42
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por aquí

A

around here, this way

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43
Q

Day after tomorrow

A

pasado mañana

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44
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

dormir vs dormirse

A

dormir - to sleep

dormirse - to fall asleep

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45
Q

traer

yo …..

A

(to bring)

traigo

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46
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por mi parte

A

as for me

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46
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

on other hand

A

por otra parte

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47
Q

POR vs PARA

Meaning “through”, “along”, “by” or “in the area of”

A

POR

Model: Andamos por el parque(We walk through the park)

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47
Q

Comparatives of inequality

A

más (menos) + adjective/adverb/noun + que

If the comparative is followed by a number, use de rather than que.

Note that when the sentence is negative, que is used even with numbers, to convey the meaning “only.”

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49
Q

POR vs PARA

For velocity, frequency & proportion

A

POR

Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana(I go to the restaurant five times per week)

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50
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por lo menos

A

at least

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52
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por eso (2)

A

That’s why

Therefore

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54
Q

QUERER

(past - pretérito)

A

quise

quisiste

quiso

quisimos

quisisteis

quisieron

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54
Q

POR vs PARA

to mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”

A

PARA

Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes

(To make a paella, first sauté the meats)

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56
Q

Qué tal

What situations to use this phrase in?

A

Can be followed by anything and doesn’t need to follow grammatical rules

¿Qué tal el día?

¿Qué tal tu familia?

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57
Q

POR vs PARA

In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning “to be seen as”

A

POR

Model: Me tienen por loco

(They take me for crazy)

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58
Q

Phrase:You want to come / fancy coming?

** 2 variants **

A

¿Te apetece venir?

¿Quieres venir?

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59
Q

Phrase

That sounds familiar

A

Eso me suena

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60
Q

Possessive Adjectives

A

mi(s) – my mi libro/mis plumas

tu(s) – your (fam. sing.) tu libro/tus plumas

su(s) – his, her, your (formal), their su libro/sus plumas

nuestro(-a, -os, -as) – our nuestro libro/nuestras plumas

vuestro(-a, -os, -as) – your (fam. pl.) vuestro libro/vuestras plumas

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61
Q

FUTURO - Future

ir

A

iré

irás

irá

iremos

iréis

irán

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63
Q

POR vs PARA

To show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver,and preguntar)

A

POR

Model: Paso por ti a las ocho

(I’ll come by for you at 8 o’clock)

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64
Q

lavarse

to wash oneself

A

yo me lavo

tú te lavas

él/ella/usted se lava

nosotros/nosotras nos lavamos

vosotros/vosotras os laváis

ustedes/ellos/ellas se lavan

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64
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

dar hacer

A

di hice

diste hiciste

dio hizo

dimos hicimos

disteis hicisteis

dieron hicieron

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66
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por casualidad

A

by chance

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67
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

hacer

A

haré

harás

hará

haremos

haréis

harán

Hacer - Stem changing hacer -> har

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68
Q

Preterite:

creer

follows same form: (caer, leer, oír)

A

creí

creíste

creyó

creímos

creísteis

creyeron

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70
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

morir vs morirse

A

morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.)

morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also “to die” figuratively)

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71
Q

What/which

Cuál vs Qué

A

Use Cuál when you a picking from a number of options.

Usually Qué used without verb and before a noun

¿Qué nacionalidad?

Before verb use Cuál instead:

¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad?

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72
Q

Superlative structure

A

definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.

John is the smartest boy in the class.

Bill Gates es el hombre más rico de los EEUU.

Bill Gates is the richest man in the U.S.

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74
Q

Conjugation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -ucir

A

Are irregular and conjugate as follows:producir

produje

produjiste

produjo

produjimos

produjisteis

produjeron

Also: aducir, conducir, coproducir, deducir, inducir, introducir, reducir, traducir

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76
Q

Present Subjunctive

Dormir

A

duerma

duermas

duerma

durmamos

durmáis

duerman

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77
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

therefore

A

por eso

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79
Q

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

(Stem changing verbs)

A

e:i

servir -> sirviendo

pedir -> pidiendo

decir -> diciendo

o:u

dormir -> durmiendo

morir -> muriendo

poder -> pudiendo

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80
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por completo

A

completely

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81
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

palabra por palabra

A

word for word

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82
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por todas partes

A

everywhere

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84
Q

Number: 101

A

Ciento uno

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85
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por favor

A

please

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85
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

jugar

A

jugaré

jugarás

jugará

jugaremos

jugaréis

jugarán

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86
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

dormir

A

dormí

dormiste

durmió

dormimos

dormisteis

durmieron

Dormir - Note change of o->u in 3rd person singular & plural forms

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87
Q

Phrase:

Changing the subject

A

Cambiando de tema

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89
Q

Conguation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -uir

A

Change ío to yó in él/ella/usted form

Change ieron to yeron in ellos/ellas/ustedes form

Only the Yo form gains a written accent over the letter “i”, the other forms do not.

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90
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

word for word

A

palabra por palabra

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92
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

by chance

A

por casualidad

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93
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

querer

A

querré

querrás

querrá

querremos

querréis

querrán

Querer - Stem changing querer -> querr

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94
Q

POR vs PARA

To mean “on behalf of” or “in favour of”

A

POR

Model: No voté por nadie(I didn’t vote for anyone)

94
Q

Bad / Worse / Worst

A

Adjective: malo (bad)

Comparative: peor (worse

)Superlative: el/la peor (the worst)

96
Q

How you conjugate the Subjunctive verb tense

A

Take the “Yo” form, drop the o and then replace with the respective endings

97
Q

POR vs PARA

To express gratitude or apology

A

POR

Model: Gracias por la ayuda

(Thanks for the help)

97
Q

What comparative and superlative forms to use when referring to size (grande / pequeño)

A

Note that when referring to size, grande and pequeño follow the normal rules for comparative and superlative forms. That is, they do not use the irregular forms menor and mayor.

Esta casa es grande. This house is big.

Esa casa es más grande. That house is bigger.

Aquella casa es la más grande. That house over there is the biggest.

99
Q

What tense to use for how things were or what things were like?

A

Imperfect

Era un muchacho muy inteligente. He was a very intelligent boy.

**Era una señorita muy guapa. ** She was a beautiful young lady.

Las ventanas estaban abiertas. The windows were open.

**La casa era blanca. ** The house was white.

100
Q

What tense to use for general mental state or physical sensations in the past?

A

Imperfect

Ramón tenía miedo de hablar en público. Ramón was afraid to speak in public.

Yo creía que Juan podía hacerlo. I thought that Juan could do it.

Me gustaba el coche. I liked the car. (The car was pleasing to me.)

101
Q

Comer

(Present Subjunctive)

A

coma

comas

coma

comamos

comáis

coman

102
Q

Phrase:

Ojalá que sí

A

Hopefully so

103
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

creer

A

creí

creíste

creyo

creímos

creísteis

creyeron

Creer - Note change of i->y in 3rd person singular & plural forms

103
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

poder

A

pude

pudiste

pudo

pudimos

pudisteis

pudieron

Pedir - Note stem changing in 3rd person singular & plural forms

Poder - Note stem o->u throughout, and 3rd person singular isn’t pudio but pudo

105
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

fortunately

A

por suerte

107
Q

Formula for comparisons of equality when actions (not things) are being compared, and there is no adjective

A

verb + tanto + como

**Sus estudiantes aprenden tanto como mis estudiantes. ** (learn as much as)

**Rosario cocina tanto como Josefina. ** (cooks as much as)

**Las naranjas cuestan tanto como las manzanas. ** (cost as much as)

108
Q

Time Expressions with “hacer”

Affirmative(*** 2 variants ***)

A

Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb

**Hace un año que estudio español. ** I have been studying Spanish for one year.

**Hace dos años que ellas estudian inglés. ** They have been studying English for two years.

or

Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time

**Estudio español desde hace un año. ** I have been studying Spanish for one year.

**Ellas estudian inglés desde hace dos años. ** They have been studying English for two years.

109
Q

Neither

A

Tampoco

Note: only this form,

NOT tampoca!

111
Q

caer

yo …..

A

(to fall)

caigo

111
Q

Present Subjunctive

-car and -gar verbs

Example: buscar / pagar

A

c changes to qu before e

g changes to gu before e

busque / pague

busques / pagues

busque / pague

busquemos / paguemos

busquéis paguéis

busquen / paguen

113
Q

Formula for comparisons of equality with nouns

A

tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

**Juan tiene tanto dinero como María. ** (as much money as)

**Él tiene tanta paciencia como ella. ** (as much patience as)

**Tiene tantos libros como ella. ** (as many books as)

**Tiene tantas plumas como ella. ** (as many pens as)

115
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

querer

A

quise

quisiste

quiso

quisimos

quisisteis

quisieron

116
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

haber

A

hube

hubiste

hubo

hubimos

hubisteis

hubieron

117
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

aburrir vs aburrirse

A

aburrir - to bore

aburrirse - to be bored

118
Q

Present Subjunctive

-guir

Example: seguir (e:i)

A

gu changes to g before a

siga

sigas

siga

sigamos

sigáis

sigan

119
Q

POR vs PARA

To express cause or reason

A

POR

Model: El hombre murió por falta de agua

(The man died for lack of water)

120
Q

500

600

700

800

900

A

quinientos

seiscientos

setecientos

ochocientos

novecientos

(NB: end in -as when used with feminine nouns)

120
Q

FUTURO - Future

salir

A

saldré

saldrás

saldrá

saldremos

saldréis

saldrán

salir - (stem changing salir -> saldr)

121
Q

Indicative Mood vs Subjunctive Mood

A

Indicative Mood - certainty and objectivity

Subjunctive Mood - uncertainty and subjectivity

123
Q

Phrase:In what profesion / area do you work?

A

¿A qué te dedicas?

124
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por medio de

A

by means of

125
Q

When is a verb reflexive?

A

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

I wash myself.

subject: I / verb: wash / object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I wash the car.

subject: I / verb: wash / object: car

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

126
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

percent

A

por ciento

128
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

for now

A

por ahora

129
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

consequently

A

por lo tanto

130
Q

POR vs PARA

When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use ??? + infinitive

A

POR

Model: La cena está por cocinar

(Dinner has yet to be cooked)

131
Q

seguir

yo …..

A

(to follow)

sigo

133
Q

POR vs PARA

For multiplication and division

A

POR

Model: Dos por dos son cuatro

(Two times two equals four)

134
Q

Reflexive pronouns when there are two verbs

(*** 2 variants ***)

A

I want to see myself

Me quiero ver

Quiero verme

John needs to wash his hair

Juan se necesita lavar el pelo

Juan necesita lavarse el pelo

134
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

nowhere

A

por ningún lado

135
Q

Present Subjunctive -ar and -er stem-changing verbs

Pensar

A

Conjugate just like regular subjunctives (using “yo” form of the indicative) except the stem change does not occur in the nosotros/vosotros forms:

piense

pienses

piense

pensemos

penséis

piensen

136
Q

POR vs PARA

To express an undetermined or general time, meaning “during”

A

POR

Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche

(One can see the stars during the night)

138
Q

hacer

yo …..

A

(to do, to make)

hago

139
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

at least

A

por lo menos

141
Q

Name typical stem changing verbs o:ue

example: mover

muevo movemos

mueves movéis

mueve mueven

A

almorzar - to eat lunch

morir - to die

aprobar - to approve

mostrar - to show

colgar - to hang

mover - to move

contar - to count

costar - to cost

encontrar - to find

tostar - to toast

resolver - to solve

dormir - to sleep

rogar - to beg, pray

volar - to fly

envolver - to wrap

morder - to bite

sonar - to sound, ring

recordar - to remember

probar - to prove, test, sample. taste

volver - to return (from someplace)

devolver - to return (an object)

soñar (con) - to dream (about)

143
Q

Possessive pronouns

Her book (el libro)

Her pen (la pluma)

Their pens (las plumas)

A

El suyo

La suya

Las suyas

144
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

for the love of God

A

por amor de Dios

145
Q

Pretérito perfecto

Irregular participles

A

ver - visto

volver - vuelto

escribir - escrito

hacer - hecho

descubrir - descubierto

abrir - abierto

poner - puesto

decir - dicho

146
Q

salir

yo …..

A

(to leave)

salgo

148
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

as for me

A

por mi parte

149
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

saber

A

sabré

sabrás

sabrá

sabremos

sabréis

sabrán

Saber - Stem changing saber -> sabr

150
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por fin

A

finally

151
Q

POR vs PARA

To express a contrast from what is expected

A

PARA

Model: Para un niño lee muy bien(For a child, he reads very well)

152
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

andar

A

anduve

anduviste

anduvo

anduvimos

anduvisteis

anduvieron

Andar - Stem changing and -> anduv

153
Q

Vivir

(Present Subjunctive)

A

viva

vivas

viva

vivamos

viváis

vivan

155
Q

POR vs PARA

To indicate a recipient

A

PARA

Model: Este regalo es para ti

(This gift is for you)

156
Q

When ordinal numbers come after the noun

A

If the noun they refer to is royalty, a pope, or a street, they come after the noun.

Carlos Quinto(“Quinto” comes after “Carlos” - royalty)

el quinto libro(“quinto” comes before “libro”)

la Calle Sexta(“sexta” comes after “calle” - street)

la sexta pluma(“sexta” comes before “pluma”)

157
Q

caber

yo …….

A

(to fit)

quepo

159
Q

What are the six special prepositions that are followed by subject pronouns rather than object pronouns.

A

entre between

excepto except

incluso including

menos except

según according to

salvo except

Examples:

Entre tú y yo, esta comida es horrible.

Todos beben agua, incluso yo.

Según tú, la chica es bonita.

160
Q

Phrase

¡qué alegría!

A

How nice/what joy

161
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

mirar

A

miraré

mirarás

mirará

miraremos

miraréis

mirarán

163
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por ahora

A

for now

164
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por todos lados

A

on all sides

165
Q

POR vs PARA

To express a length of time

A

POR

Model: Yo estudié por dos horas

(I studied for two hours)

166
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por ciento

A

percent

167
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

pedir

A

pedí

pediste

pidío

pedimos

pedisteis

pidieron

Pedir - Note stem changing in 3rd person singular & plural forms

169
Q

POR vs PARA

To express a deadline or specific time

A

PARA

Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes

(I need the dress by Monday)

170
Q

Conjugation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -gar

A

Change g to gu (in Yo form only)

yo jugué

(jugar)

172
Q

IR A + INFINITIVE

ACABAR A + INFINITIVE

A

to be going to do something

to have just done something

173
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

poner vs ponerse

A

poner - to put

ponerse - to put on

174
Q

Conjugation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -zar

A

Change z to c (in Yo form only)

yo almorcé

174
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

unfortunately

A

por desgracia

175
Q

Verbs that act in the same way as gustar

A

aburrir to bore

fascinar to be fascinating to

bastar to be sufficient

importar to be important to

caer bien (mal) to (not) suit

interesar to be interesting to

dar asco to be loathsome

molestar to be a bother

disgustar to hate something

parecer to appear to be

doler (o:ue) to be painful

picar to itch

encantar to “love” something

quedar to be left over, remain

faltar to be lacking something

volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about

176
Q

Phrase: Total

A

Use to open summary of what said

Total, que he llegado al trabajo

177
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

for first time

A

por primera vez

178
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Poder

A

Preterite - succeeded in

María pudo levantar la mesa. Maria succeeded in lifting the table.(completed action)

Imperfect - was able

Juan podía participar en la manifestación. Juan was able to participate in the demonstration.(no definite beginning or end)

180
Q

Comparatives - referring to age

A

Use the irregular forms mayor and menor.

**Juan es menor que María. ** Juan is younger than Maria.

**María es la mayor de la familia. ** Maria is the oldest of the family.

181
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

poner

A

puse

pusiste

puso

pusimos

pusisteis

pusieron

183
Q

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

  • ar
  • er
  • ir
A

ar -> ando(hablando, trabajando, estudiando)

er -> iendo(comiendo, haciendo)

ir->iendo(viviendo, escribiendo)

184
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

ver

A

veré

verás

verá

veremos

veréis

verán

185
Q

Possessive Pronouns

A

mine

el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías

yours (familiar)

el tuyo / la tuya / los tuyos / las tuyas

yours (formal), his, hers

el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas

ours

el nuestro / la nuestra / los nuestros / las nuestras

yours (familiar)

el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras

yours (formal), theirs

el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas

187
Q

Verbs always used reflexively

A

arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent

atreverse a - to dare

darse cuenta de - to realize

jactarse de - to boast

quejarse de - to complain about

suicidarse - to commit suicide

188
Q

POR vs PARA

estar ???? to express an action that will soon be completed

A

PARA

Model: El tren está para salir

(The train is about to leave)

189
Q

Present Subjunctive -ger or -gir verbs

Example: escoger

A

g changes to j before a

(present subjunctive)

escoger

escoja

escojas

escoja

escojamos

escojáis

escojan

191
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

apparently

A

por lo visto

192
Q

Ir

(Imperfect)

A

iba

ibas

iba

ibamos

ibais

iban

193
Q

Ordinal numbers - 1st and 3rd

A

Primer(o/a)

Tercer(o/a)

Become primer and tercer in front of a masculine noun.

195
Q

Time Expressions with “hacer”

Negative(*** 2 variants ***)

A

Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb

**Hace un año que no estudio español. ** I haven’t studied Spanish for a year.

**Hace dos años que ellas no estudian inglés. ** They haven’t studied English for two years.

or

No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time

**No estudio español desde hace un año. ** I haven’t studied Spanish for a year.

**Ellas no estudian inglés desde hace dos años. ** They haven’t studied English for two years.

196
Q

conducir

yo …..

A

(to drive)

conduzco

197
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

acostar vs acostarse

A

acostar - to put to bed

acostarse - to go to bed

199
Q

TENER

(past - pretérito)

A

tuve

tuviste

tuvo

tuvimos

tuvisteis

tuvieron

200
Q

What to do when you have a direct object pronoun as (lo, la, los, las) and an indirect object pronoun as (le, les)

A

Change the indirect object pronoun to se

se lo

se la

se los

se las

201
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por otra parte

A

on the other hand

202
Q

SER

(past - pretérito)

A

fui

fuiste

fue

fuimos

fuisteis

fueron

203
Q

Comparative (inequality)

Negative and not followed by number

A

no ….. más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que

204
Q

Imperfect tense

regular -er and -ir

A
  • ía
  • ías
  • ía
  • íamos
  • íais
  • ían

comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comíais, comían

vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivíais, vivían

204
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

of course

A

por supuesto

205
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

in advance

A

por adelantado

206
Q

Noun endings indicating femininity

A

Nouns that end in:

-sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre

are feminine.

206
Q

JUGAR

(past - pretérito)

A

jugué

jugaste

jugó

jugamos

jugasteis

jugaron

207
Q

Formula for comparisons of equality when actions (not things) are being compared, and there is an adjective

A

verb + tan + adjective (masculine form) + como

Aquí se trabaja tan duro como ahí.(work as hard as)

El niño juega tan poco como la niña.(plays as little as)

Ellos duermen tan poco como ella.(sleep as little as)

209
Q

DECIR

(past - pretérito)

A

dije

dijiste

dijo

dijimos

dijisteis

dijieron

210
Q

Conjugation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, -oer

A

Change ió to yó in él/ella/usted form

Change ieron to yeron in ellos/ellas/ustedes form

The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter “i”

Exceptions: traer, atraer, distraer

211
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

by means of

A

por medio de

213
Q

Non-comparative descriptions of age.

A

El niño es joven. The boy is young.

**El abuelo es viejo. ** The grandfather is old.

215
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por dentro

A

inside

216
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

everywhere

A

por todas partes

217
Q

PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Orthographic)

Changing spelling of word for some present particples so it agrees with the way it is pronounced

A

caer -> cayendo

creer -> creyendo

huir -> huyendo

ir -> yendo

influir -> influyendo

oir -> oyendo

traer -> trayendo

leer -> leyendo

seguir -> siguiendo

218
Q

Good / Better / Best

A

Adjective: bueno (good)

Comparative: mejor (better)

Superlative: el/la mejor (best)

219
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

haber

A

habré

habrás

habrá

habremos

habréis

habrán

Haber - Stem changing haber -> habr

220
Q

Feliz vs Contentar

A

Feliz suggests ultimate happy place, contentar is more appropriate for most uses

estoy contento

221
Q

POR vs PARA

to show the use or purpose of a thing

A

PARA

Model: El vaso es para agua

(The glass is for water)

223
Q

Uses of ESTAR

A

geographic or physical location

state or condition

many idiomatic expressions

progressive tenses(result of an action)

224
Q

VER

(Past - pretérito)

A

Vi

Viste

Vio

Vimos

Visteis

Vieron

225
Q

Ser

(Imperfect)

A

era

eras

era

éramos

erais

eran

226
Q

Conjugation of preterite:

Verbs that end in -car

A

Change c to qu (in Yo form only)

yo busqué (buscar)

227
Q

PEDIR vs PREGUNTAR

A

pedir: to ask (for an object or a service)
preguntar: to ask (a question, request information)

228
Q

When referring to the concepts “less” or “greater”

A

Use the irregular forms mayor and menor.

**El agua es de mayor importancia que la comida. ** Water is more important than food.

**La comida es de menor importancia que el agua. ** Food is less important than water.

229
Q

Present Subjunctive

Volver

A

vuelva

vuelvas

vuelva

volvamos

volváis

vuelvan

231
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

probar vs probarse

A

probar - to try, to taste

probarse - to try on

232
Q

Present Subjunctive -ir stem-changing verbs

A

Conjugate just like regular subjunctives (using “yo” form of the indicative) except the stem change in the nosotros/vosotros forms follows these patterns:

o:ue verbs change o to u

e:ie verbs change e to i

i:e verbs change e to i

233
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

finally (2)

A

por fin

por último

234
Q

VENIR

(Past - pretérito)

A

vine

viniste

vino

vinimos

vinisteis

vinieron

235
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

generally

A

por lo general

236
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

No querer

A

Preterite - refused

María no quiso comprar la casa.

Maria refused to buy the house.(completed action)

Imperfect - did not want

Juan no quería comprar la casa.

Juan did not want to buy the house.(no definite beginning or end)

237
Q

Formula for comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverb

A

tan + adjective (adverb) + como

**El libro es tan bueno como la película. ** (The book is as good as the movie.)

**El chico es tan alto como la chica. ** (The boy is as tall as the girl.)

238
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

parecer vs parecerse a

A

parecer - to seem

parecerse a - to resemble

239
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

negar vs negarse a

A

negar - to deny

negarse a - to refuse

240
Q

Phrase

Eso me suena

A

That sounds familiar

241
Q

Definite article

Countries

A

The definite article is used with some countries and cities, and is not used with others.

Here are some examples where it is used:

la Argentina

el Brasil

el Canadá

el Ecuador

la Florida

la Habana

la India

el Japón

el Paraguay

el Perú

el Salvador

el Uruguay

242
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

completely

A

por completo

243
Q

¿Por qué….?

¿Para qué….?

A

For what reason….

For what purpose….

244
Q

Possessive pronouns after the verb

ser

A

Drop the definite article:

**El carro grande es mío. ** The big car is mine.

El carro pequeño es suyo. The small car is hers.

245
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por allí

A

around there, that way

246
Q

TRAER

(past - pretérito)

A

traje

trajiste

trajo

trajimos

trajisteis

trajeron

248
Q

I can not wait for ….

A

Qué ganas tengo de …..

Por ejemplo: Qué ganas tengo de ir de vacaciones

249
Q

STEM CHANGING VERBS: e:ie

example: mentir

miento mentimos

mientes mentis

miente mienten

A

acertar - to guess, get right

encender - to light, kindle

advertir - to advise, warn

entender - to understand

cerrar - to close, shut

fregar - to scrub, wash dishes

comenzar - to begin

hervir - to boil

confesar - to confess

mentir - to lie

consentir - to consent

negar - to deny

convertir - to convert

pensar (en) - to think about

defender - to defend

perder - to lose

empezar - to begin

preferir - to prefer

250
Q

Change of meaning - preterite vs imperfect

Tener

A

Preterite - received

**María tuvo una carta de su mamá. ** Maria received a letter from her mom.(completed action)

Imperfect - used to have

**Juan tenía un coche nuevo. ** Juan used to have a new car.(no definite beginning or end)

251
Q

Present Subjunctive

Regular -ar verbs

A
  • e
  • es
  • e
  • emos
  • éis
  • en
252
Q

Definite article

Body parts, clothing or other very personal possessions.

A

The definite article is used when reflexive verbs are followed by body parts, clothing or other very personal possessions.

María se lava la cara.

Él se pone el traje.

253
Q

POR vs PARA

For means of communication or transportation

A

POR

Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono

(I prefer to travel by train and speak to telephone)

254
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por primera vez

A

for first time

256
Q

To do daily shopping vs to go shopping

A

hacer la compra - do daily shopping, groceries etc.

ir de compras - to go shopping

257
Q

FUTURO - FUTURE

decir

A

diré

dirás

dirá

diremos

diréis

dirán

Decir -> irregular decir -> dir

258
Q

saber

yo …..

A

(to know something - a fact)

sé

259
Q

How to open a letter

A

Querid(o/a): (**Note use of colon**)

Querido Paulo:

260
Q

conocer

yo …..

A

(to know, to be acquainted with)

conozco

261
Q

Should you use ‘y’ for the first 9 numbers in a new hundred?

(i.e. 501, 502, 503 …..)

A

NO

Quinientos tres

262
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

acordar vs acordarse de

A

acordar - to agree

acordarse de - to remember

263
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

por cierto

A

certainly

264
Q

Present Subjunctive

-uir verbs

Example: huir

A

add y before a

huya

huyas

huya

huyamos

huyáis

huyan

265
Q

dirigir

yo …..

A

(to direct)

dirijo

265
Q

Differing means between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs:

despedir vs despedirse de

A

despedir - to fire {sack}

despedirse de - to say goodbye

267
Q

POR vs PARA

to indicate destination

A

PARA

El hombre salió para Madrid

(The man left for Madrid)

268
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

around here, this way

A

por aquí

269
Q

Tomar vs Comer

A

Use tomar for ice creams, drinks etc.

Use comer for full meal, at restaurant, at home etc.

270
Q

Use of “por” in idiomatic expressions

on all sides

A

por todos lados

271
Q

Present Subjunctive

Pedir

A

pida

pidas

pida

pidamos

pidáis

pidan

273
Q

Phrase:

Cambiando de tema

A

Changing the subject

274
Q

PRETÉRITO - PAST

mover

A

moví

moviste

movió

movimos

movisteis

movieron

275
Q

Quiero vs Querría

A

I want vs I would like

Querría is less direct and should be used when buying things in shops

276
Q

¿Cuánto es? vs ¿Cuánto cuesta?

A

How much is it vs how much does it cost?

Ask es version if you are committed or/and happy to pay.

Ask cuesta if in doubt of whether going to buy

277
Q

How to request someone on the phone

A

Ponme con - informal

Póngame con - formal

(when asking for someone on phone in a busines)

278
Q

Phrase: No more

A

No puedo más

Can use in contexts like eating, drinking, dancing etc.

Can drop verb from phrase.

279
Q

The age you are going to be

A

Cumplir

mañana cumplo 87 años - tomorrow I’m going to be 87.

280
Q

Words for tips

(reward for service)

formal vs informal

A

una propina - tip, more formal places

un bote - tip in small intimate places, where put into tips jar

281
Q

Bien vs Bueno

A

Bien goes with verb (adverb)

Estoy bien

Duermo bien

Como bien

Bueno is describing word goes with noun (adjective)

un café bueno

282
Q

Phrase: In place of/instead of (2)

A

En vez de ….

En lugar de….

283
Q

Phrase: To tell the truth

A

A decir verdad

284
Q

Phrase: By the way

A

A propósito

285
Q

Phrase: No way (3)

A

De ninguna manera

¡Qué va!

Ni loco

286
Q

Phrase: Let me see

A

Dejame ver

287
Q

Phrase: You don’t say (tú)

A

No me digas

288
Q

Phrase: Of course (3)

A

¡Cómo no!

Por supuesto

Claro que sí

289
Q

Absolute superlatives

3 forms (very, extremely, indescribably)

A

muy guapo
very handsome

sumamente guapo
extremely handsome

guapísimo
indescribably handsome

290
Q

Unfortunately

2 version (1 formal, 1 standard)

A

Desafortunadamente - quite formal

Por desgracia - alternative

291
Q

To continue with….

A

Seguir + gerundio

Me sigue gustando el café

Sigo viviendo allí

Sigo enfadado

292
Q

Words for school

A

Colegio - school

instituto - college

escuela - not used much for school

293
Q

To be going to do something

Firm plan vs intention

A

Voy a ir - firm plan, have tickets etc.

Iré - intention, but no firm plans

294
Q

Que le vaya bien

(Que te vaya bien)

A

Goodbye

(literally: may it go well for you)

Spanish (36 decks)

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