For exam - Emily

Question 1

Why do we have the ‘need to belong’?

Answer 1

innate tendency that evolved because survival and reproduction depends on other

Question 2

what are the effects of lack of social connection?

Answer 2

mental health disorders, health problems, higher mortality rates

Question 3

what are the emotional implications for the need to belong?

Answer 3

accepted = happiness
rejected = anxiety, guilt, shame, rejection 

strongest emotions are linked to belongingness

Question 4

what are the 4 steps in embarrassment?

Answer 4

1. awareness of social expectations
2. experience unwanted social predicament that is witnessed
3. become worried about others’ evaluations - reduction in self esteem
4. engage in management tactics to restore image

Question 5

what are physiological responses to embarrassment?

Answer 5

blushing, high BP/HR/cortisol, touching face/moving, stuttering

Question 6

what are the 2 functions of emotions

Answer 6

attainment of survival and reproduction

attaining resources

Question 7

what are the 2 functions of embarrassment?

Answer 7

1. regulation mechanism

2. non-verbal apology

Question 8

how is embarrassment a regulation mechanism?

Answer 8

deters people from repeating behaviour

motivates face-saving strategies

Question 9

how is embarrassment a non-verbal apology?

Answer 9

involuntary displays show the person fears others reduced evaluations, shares values, recognise broken norms, shows regret

Question 10

how do displays of embarrassment help?

Answer 10

1. people can identify cues of embarrassment?
2. people usually supportive to embarrassed people
3. reduces negative reaction to broken norms

Question 11

what is self esteem?

Answer 11

evaluates how well we are fitting in with society, tied to how others perceive us

Question 12

how is self esteem a sociometer?

Answer 12

measure relational value - the degree to which other people value their relationships with us as important
detects when relational value is under threat

Question 13

what is state self esteem?

Answer 13

monitors current relational value, changes based on context and environment

Question 14

what is trait self esteem

Answer 14

the degree to which one is the sort of person who generally will be valued by others - stable across situations

Question 15

what is the effect of low self esteem?

Answer 15

1. alerts possibility of social exclusion

2. motivates person towards social inclusion

Question 16

what is self esteem?

Answer 16

psychological gauge by which we monitor how others appraise us

Question 17

how do we get belonging after rejection?

Answer 17

1. conform to new group
2. enhance self regulation
3. pay more attention to others’ attitudes/environment

Question 18

what are the 3 stages of response to ostracism? (need threat model)

Answer 18

reflexive - pain
reflective - inclusion behaviours/aggression
resignation - long term consequences

Question 19

what is a causal attribution?

Answer 19

any explanation that is given as a cause or a reason for person’s behaviour/experience

Question 20

what are the attribution dimensions?

Answer 20

whether behaviour is attributed to internal/external, or stable/unstable cause

Question 21

how does self esteem impact attribution?

Answer 21

low self esteem likely to attribute things more internally

blame good things on external/unstable things

Question 22

what is williams’ ostracism theory? (5 stages)

Answer 22

1. detect ostracism
2. feel pain + threat
3. reflect on ostracism
4. attempt to cope
5. internalisation

Question 23

what are 4 individual difference moderators?

Answer 23

1. trait self esteem
2. social media
3. rejection sensitivity
4. narcissism

Question 24

what are 3 contextual moderators?

Answer 24

1. control
2. culture
3. acceptance post-rejection

Question 25

what is a reflected appraisal?

Answer 25

self concepts derived through social interaction and how social world reacts to us

Question 26

what is internalisation?

Answer 26

we internalise our perception of others’ thoughts and see ourselves as we think others see us

Question 27

what does the mating game show?

Answer 27

social feedback received provides information regarding ‘level’ of socially valued attributes

Question 28

what is the ideal standards model?

Answer 28

low consistency between our perception of partner and ideal causes
negative relationship evaluations
regulation attempts to change partner

Question 29

what is the impact of regulation on a partner?

Answer 29

1. partner recognises he does not meet standards - reflected appraisals
2. questions his quality
3. reduces self-perception + relationship satisfaction

Question 30

what is a social identity?

Answer 30

meaningful categories that are accepted by individuals as descriptive of themselves and their group

Question 31

how does social identity help with social rejection?

Answer 31

if we already have strong social identities, self esteem does not fluctuate as much through rejection

Question 32

what is a stereotype?

Answer 32

beliefs about personalities, attitudes and behaviours of people based on the groups they belong to

Question 33

what is stereotype threat?

Answer 33

threat that an individuals actions will be either

1. evaluated according to negative stereotype
2. confirm negative stereotype

Question 34

what is domain avoidance?

Answer 34

using short term strategy of avoiding the domain to deal with stereotype threat

Question 35

what is domain disidentification?

Answer 35

permanent strategy, eliminating domain - disidentifying completely

Question 36

what are the effects of stereotype threat?

Answer 36

1. stress response inhibits performance
2. domain avoidance
3. domain disidentification

Question 37

what are 2 regulation strategies to deal with threat?

Answer 37

1. emotional suppression

2. cognitive reappraisal

Question 38

what is emotional supression?

Answer 38

individual consciously hides/inhibits emotions

Question 39

what is cognitive reappraisal?

Answer 39

reinterpreting situation to minimise emotional impact