Human Growth & Development

Question 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are…

Answer 1

Psychosocial

Question 2

In Freudian theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists…

Answer 2

believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior.

Question 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

explanation: Freudian theory; many believe it does not truly cover the entire lifespan.

Question 4

The statement, “the ego is dependent on the id,” would most likely reflect the work of

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud.

Question 5

Perry is known for…

Answer 5

his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially for college students
Dualistic thinking -common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad right and wrong.
relativistic thinking- as you go into adulthood individual now has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong

Question 6

Jean Piaget’s theory has four stages. the correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Answer 6

sensorimotor (motor skills), preoperations (pre must come before concrete), concrete operations, formal operations (final stage; more formal as you get older)

stages remain the same for every culture

Question 7

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

Answer 7

his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

Question 8

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty picture. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

Answer 8

Conservation

Question 9

Conservation refers to

Answer 9

the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. children master conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (7 to 11 years)
Conservation, Counting, Concrete

Question 10

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Answer 10

volume or mass

Question 11

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

Answer 11

Concrete Operations ages 7 to 11

Question 12

_________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

Answer 12

Lawrence Kohlberg (leading theorist in moral development)

Question 13

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. this notion suggests

Answer 13

one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

Question 14

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stages of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “the rain is following me.” This is an example of

Answer 14

egocentrism; conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.

Question 15

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

Answer 15

three levels of morality: the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional (Personal integrity or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level) .

Question 16

The Heiz story is to Kohlberg’s theory as

Answer 16

a typing test is to the level of typing kill mastered.

Question 17

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Answer 17

Erikson

Question 18

Positive Psychology

Answer 18

Integration of religious and spiritual integration into work. Term coined by Abraham Maslow and popularized by learned helplessness.

Question 19

Learned helplessness syndrome

Answer 19

Pioneer Martin Seligman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.

Question 20

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

Answer 20

preconventional: respond to consequences(reward and punishment)
conventional: individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation.
postconventional: many never reach, concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.

Question 21

Trust vs Mistrust is

Answer 21

Erik Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development. Corresponds to Freud’s initial oral-sensory stage birth to approximately 1 year.

Question 22

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage

Answer 22

Integrity versus despair
Final stage begins about age 60. A person who masters this stage feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.

Question 23

In Kohlber’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

Answer 23

Consequences

Question 24

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

Answer 24

a desire to live up to society’s expectations and the desire to conform

Question 25

Kohlberg’s highest level or morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

Answer 25

has self-imposed morals and ethics

Question 26

According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,

Answer 26

is the highest level or morality. however, some people never reach this level.

Question 27

The zone of proximal development

Answer 27

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

Question 28

Zone of Proximal development describes

Answer 28

the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.

Question 29

Freud and Erikson

Answer 29

Could be classified as maturationists. suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.

Question 30

John Bowlby’s name is most closely associated with

Answer 30

Bonding and attachment

Question 31

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Answer 31

Generativity versus Stagnation (ages 35 to 45)

Question 32

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Answer 32

Harry Harlow; believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned.

Question 33

The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is

Answer 33

true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin. Superiority in high school was not significant until high school. Girls who excelled were encouraged, identified with fathers, and were given independence. Child-rearing patterns impacted

Question 34

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

Answer 34

Intimacy versus isolation ages 23 to 34

Question 35

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

Answer 35

13- year-old male middle school student.

Conformity seems to peak in early teens.

Question 36

In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

Answer 36

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.

Question 37

Freud posulated psychosexual stages

Answer 37

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 38

In adolescence

Answer 38

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

Question 39

Males commit suicide more often than females. This applies to nearly all age brackets.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

In the general population

Answer 40

Suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Suicidal clients often make attempts after depression begins to lift.

Question 41

The fear of death

Answer 41

is greatest during middle age

Question 42

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

Answer 42

which evolves primarily during the oral age.

Oral stage is the psychosexual stage that occurs while the person is still an infant bonding takes place early in life.

Question 43

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that

Answer 43

girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.

Boys are more physically active and aggressive, probably due to androgen hormones. Boys also seem to possess better visual perceptual skills.

Question 44

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

Answer 44

latency.

Question 45

In terms of parenting young children

Answer 45

boys are punished more than girls

clear understanding of right and wrong and clear rules produced children with higher self-esteem

Question 46

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

Answer 46

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.