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Microbiology > M7- infections of the upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

M7- infections of the upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the evolutionary groupings of streptococcus?

A
  • Oralis /mitis
  • anginosus
  • pyogenic
  • mutans
  • salivarius
  • bovis
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2
Q

what is a pyrogen?

A

agent that causes raise in body tissue

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3
Q

What are the main group of streptococcus responsible for infections for the upper respiratory tract?

A

pyogenic

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4
Q

Where do streptococcus pyogenes live?

A

oropharynx

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5
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract defense?

A

– Mechanical washing
– Cough response
– Mucocilliary clearance
– Mircobiota/flora

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6
Q

Name infectious organisms.

A

– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Fungi

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7
Q

what is a normals sore throat?

A

viral pharyngitis

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8
Q

What happens when your sore throat is colonised by group A streptococci?

A

strep throat

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9
Q

what are complications of strep throat?

A

rheumatic fever

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10
Q

what can pharyngitis progress to?

A

tonsillitis

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of a viral cause of a sore throat?

A

– absence of fever
– Conjunctivitis
– Coryza
– Cough (uncommon in GAS)

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of a bacterial cause of sore throat (strep throat)?

A 
–  Sudden onset (1-5 days post exposure)
–  Sore throat/ pain on swallowing
–  Fever
–  Patchy discrete Tonsillar exudates
–  Tiny red spots on soft hard palate
–  Tender enlarged anterior cervical nodes
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13
Q

what is a severe form of strep throat with an associated rash?

A

scarlet fever (destruction of peripheral blood vessels)

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14
Q

what toxins does scarlet fever have?

A

pyrogenic/erythrogenic exotoxins

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15
Q

what is impetigo (GAS skin diseases)?

A

highly contagious through contact with discharge on the face. Infection immediately below surface

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16
Q

what is a deeper skin infection in the dermis?

A

cellulitis

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17
Q

How does necrotising fasciitis occur?

A

Invasive Streptococcus A strains penetrate mucous membrane and develop in lesion

18
Q

what happens in necrotising fascitis?

A

rapidly destroys connective tissue

19
Q

what is acute streptococcal gingivitis?

A

Infected Gingivae red/swollen/oedematous

-Often follows sore throat

20
Q

Describe toxic shock like syndrome.

A

GAS disease which is a complication of invasive infections and it results in hypotension to organ failure

21
Q

what response does superantigens cause?

A

Massive release of cytokines & inappropriate immune response

22
Q

name some GAS (pyogene diseases).

A
  • Impetigo, cellulitis
  • Acute streptococcal gingivitis
  • Necrotising fasciitis
  • Toxic shock like syndrome
23
Q

Name a superantigen associated with toxic shock.

A

TSST-1

24
Q

Describe features of rheumatic fever.

A

• Young School Age Children (5-15).
• 1-4 weeks after sore throat/scarlet fever
• Delayed reaction due to inadequate recovery
from GAS

25
Q

what is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

A

inflammation of glomurulus (kidney)

26
Q

what cause PSGN?

A

-Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomeruli
• Type III Hypersensitivity reaction
• Damage to Glomerular basement membrane

27
Q

Where does M protein bind to?

A

Fibronectin

& specific binding sites

28
Q

What is used to classify streptococci?

A

haemolysis

29
Q

what does Beta haemolytic look like on blood agar plates?

A

clear/sharp zone

30
Q

what does streptococci look like?

A

Gram +ve spherical or oval cocci in pairs or chains

31
Q

how is group A further subdivided?

A

according to M protein antigens

32
Q

what is M proteins involved in?

A

adhesion and evading immune system

33
Q

What is M proteins phagocyte properties?

A

antiphagocytic

34
Q

what does the M protein bind?

A

Complement control protein
– Binds Fibrinogen (HV region)
- Prevents 3b binding and Opsonisation via the alternate complement pathway

35
Q

what does M protein assist in?

A

colonisation and microcolony formation

36
Q

what does protease cleave?

A

immunoglobulins

37
Q

what enzymes destroy tissues?

A
  • Haemolysins
  • DNase A, B, C, & D
  • Hyaluronadase
  • Streptokinase
38
Q

what factors are involved in tissue penetration/spread?

A
  • M protein

- Fibronectin binding protein

39
Q

what is the function of these factors?

A
  • Stimulates Internalisation
  • Hide from Macrophages
  • Persist in the presence of Antibiotics
40
Q

What antibiotics can be used in treatment?

A
  • penicillin (10 day course)
  • Amoxicilli (narrow spectrum acceptable to children)
  • Erthromycin (patients sensitive to penicillin)
41
Q

how sensitive is GAS to antibiotics?

A

GAS still relatively sensitive to antibiotics but erythromycin resistance growing

42
Q

what are the early and late symptoms of rheumatic fever?

A

Early - fever, joins pain, nose bleeds, abdominal pain,vomiting
Late- pancarditis

Microbiology (30 decks)

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