Cancer INTRO

Question 1

Carcinoma

Answer 1

cancer that begins in skin/tissues that line internal organs

Question 2

Sarcoma

Answer 2

Cancer within bone,cartilage, fat, blood vessel

Question 3

Glioblastoma (short)

Answer 3

begins in tissues of brain/spinal cord

Question 4

lymphoma and myeloma

Answer 4

cancer in cells of immune system

Question 5

leukemia

Answer 5

cancer that starts in bone marrow (blood forming tissue)

Question 6

cancer

Answer 6

abnormal cells that divide and invade other tissues

Question 7

non cancerous overgrowth of mutated cells

Answer 7

benign cells

Question 8

invade nearby tissue and spread throughout the body

Answer 8

malignant

Question 9

cells spreading through body

Answer 9

metastasis

Question 10

feature of normal cells, anchoring to dish surface or basement membrane

Answer 10

anchorage dependence

Question 11

feature of cells to stop dividing after a layer and with contact to adjacent cells

Answer 11

density dependent inhibition

Question 12

cancer cell difference: quantity

Answer 12

large number of dividing cells

Question 13

cancer cell difference: shape

Answer 13

large variable shapes

Question 14

cancer cell difference: cytoplasm volume

Answer 14

smaller cytoplasm volume relative to nuclei

Question 15

cancer cell difference: size

Answer 15

variation in cell size and shape

Question 16

cancer cell difference: features

Answer 16

loss of normal specialized cell features

Question 17

cancer cell difference: organization

Answer 17

disorganized arrangement

Question 18

cancer cell difference: tumour boundary

Answer 18

poorly defined

Question 19

DNA damage checkpoint

Answer 19

before S phase after G1

Question 20

DNA replication checkpoint

Answer 20

after g2 before mitosis

Question 21

spindle assembly checkpoint

Answer 21

before anaphase are all chromosomes attached

Question 22

proto oncogene and its functions (3)

Answer 22

stimulate cell division, inhibit cell differentiation, halt cell death

Question 23

oncogene

Answer 23

mutated or overly expressed version of proto oncogene

Question 24

oncogene activation methods (3) and describe

Answer 24

chromosomal translocation

• translocate in a different gene which regulates it differently
• translocate and fuse with different chromosomal region to create new protein

increase in protein due to:

• mrna stability
• gene amplification

proto oncogene mutation

Question 25

philidelphia chromosome

Answer 25

chromo 9 (abl) and chromo 22(BCR) FORM bcr-abl fusion protein
- atp bind and proliferation promoted

Question 26

tumour supressor

Answer 26

prevents cell division acts opposite of proto oncogene

Question 27

p53

Answer 27

tumour supressing transcription factor protein
checkpoint after g1 phase
- can halt cell cycle undergo apoptosis if DNA is damaged

Question 28

multiple mutation model

Answer 28

many cancers progress through multiple mutations in single lineage

colon cancer: normal cells>APC mutation>ras mutation> p53 mutation>malignant

Question 29

microtubule dynamics

Answer 29

form through alpha and beta tubulin dimer building blocks and polymerize to 13 protofilaments
- dissasembly requires GTP

Question 30

Chemotherapy: taxol

Answer 30

• originally extracted from yew trees
• binds to tubulin subunits and stabilizes microtubules from depolymerization (inhibits disassembling)
• remain in metaphase-anaphase - apoptosis