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V - KCU - CP (T2) - OMS1 > Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

During ventricular systole, what happens with ventricular volume and pressure

A

Volume decreases and pressure increases until amount of blood (volume) is depleted, then pressure begins to fall

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2
Q

What does ventricular systole occur on the EKG

A

From the QRS to the end of the T-wave

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3
Q

When does ventricular diastole occur on the EKG

A

After the Twave

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4
Q

What is the typical Ao. Pressure

A

120/80

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5
Q

What is the typical Ventricular pressure

A

120/0

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6
Q

The amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles during systole is known as what

A

The strove volume

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7
Q

What does atrial contraction mean in terms of atrial pressure and volume as well as ventricular volume and pressure

A

Atrial pressure increases
Atrial volume decreases

Ventricular volume increases
Ventricular pressure increases

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8
Q

Why is the P wave included in the PR interval

A

Due to the delay of the muscle contraction

The electrical conduction reaves the AV Node first before mechanical contraction occurs.

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9
Q

After the atria contract and begin to relax, what happens with pressure and volume in in the ventricles

A

The ventricles start to contract and pressure increases, but volume does not change right away

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10
Q

The QRS complex represents what phases in ventricular conduction

A

Phase 0 and 1

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11
Q

The ST segment represents what in terms of ventricular myocyte activity

A

Phase 2 - the plateau

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12
Q

Why does the ventricular pressure drop while the ventricles are still contracting

A

Less blood (volume) to contract against since it’s being moved into the aorta

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13
Q

Why does the atrial pressure have a steady increase during ventricular systole

A

Passive filling of blood from venous system filling up atria and causing an increase in pressure bc AV valves are closed

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14
Q

The movement of calcium back out of the cell during ventricular relaxation (phase 3, repol) causes what

A

A release of Ca from the troponin C and relaxation of myosin

Calcium moves out of the cell via Na-Ca exchanger

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15
Q

During diastole, what chamber has a higher pressure

What about during systole

A

Atria

Ventricles

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16
Q

Why does aortic pressure decrease throughout atrial contraction and a little bit into ventricular contraction

A

Peripheral run-off

Blood flow directed to periphery

17
Q

What has to happen for AV valves to open and what does this mean

A

Atrial pressure has to increase over the pressure of the ventricles

This means that only slight pressure from the contracting atria will open the AV valves and cause ventricular filling

18
Q

What has to happen for the AV valves to close and the SLV to open in ventricular systole.

A

Pressure in ventricles must exceed that of the atria - to close the AV valves, and must also exceed the pressure of the Ao and PT respectively to open SLV

19
Q

The period time when the ventricular volume in constant but ventricular pressure is increasing is called what? What is happening with the valves during this stage? When is this represented on the EKG

A

Called isovolumentric contraction

Ventricular pressure is increasing but has not overcome Ao pressure yet to open SLV

SLV and AV valves are closed

This is represented during the QRS complex

20
Q

Describe how HTN would affect the flow of blood through the Ao.

A

HTN means higher diastolic pressure which will cause the LV to contract harder (increasing pressure) to overcome Ao pressure and open SLV to send blood to the body.

This will cause LVH

21
Q

When the pressure in the ventricle drops below the arterial pressure, what happens

A

The AoSLV and PSLV close

22
Q

Define the Dicrotic Notch

A

The closing of the AoSLV produces the notch in the AO pressure wave. This is peripheral divergence of blood from the Ao, while no more blood i entering the ventricles.

This notch begins the isovolumetric relaxation period

23
Q

Define the isovolumetric relaxation period

A

No blood entering or leaving ventricles. All valves closed and ventricles are not contracting.

The period ends when the AV valves open (due to passive blood flow into the atria which also causes an increases in pressure and thus the AV valves to open) and blood begins to fill the ventricles

24
Q

Why does blood rapidly fill the ventricles

A

The pressure and volume are so low compared to the atria, this causes a rapid passive filling

25
Q

Why does Ao pressure continue to drop during diastole

A

Peripheral run-off

26
Q

What does the A wave in the Jugular Pressure indicate

A

This is the pressure wave created by the atrial contraction.

It is reflected backward since there is no valve between the atria and the great veins

27
Q

Define the C wave

A

The pressure wave in the Jugular pressure created by the period of isovolumetric contraction (AV and SLV closed) from bulging back into the atrial wall from ventricular contraction

28
Q

When does the C wave end

A

When the AoSLV opens

29
Q

Define the V wave

A

The pressure wave of the jugular wave that is created as blood returns back to the heart but can’t enter the ventricles yet (atrial filling and increase in atrial pressure)

30
Q

The QRS complex begins when in regards to ventricular pressure

A

Just before ventricular pressure begins to rise, but ventricular pressure is constant (isovolumetric contraction)

31
Q

Ventricular pressure starts to decline when in regards to the EKG

A

The beginning of the T-wave

32
Q

What is the lub (S1) caused by and what does this mean physiologically

A

The result of blood in the atria hitting the closed valves as it tries to enter the ventricles

This means that the ventricles have already begun to contract and have increased their pressure to close the AV valves

The LUB is characteristic with atrial contraction.

33
Q

What does the DUB (S2) come from and what does this mean physiologically

A

Produced from the back flow of blood onto the SLV

This means the ventricles have stopped contracting and thus the pressure in the Ao and Pt are now greater than that of the ventricles and have closed the SLV.

This sound is associated with ventricular contraction

34
Q

Define stenosis and incompetence

A

Stenosis - valve doesn’t open fully - causes an increase in the chamber (LVH)

Insufficiency - valve does not close fully causing a back flow of blood into the chamber

35
Q

What are the two thing that can cause a murmur in ventricular systole

A

Mitral valve regurgitation - blood moving back into the atria (insufficiency/incompetence)

Ao/PT stenosis - blood not moving out of ventricles well.

36
Q

What can cause a murmur in ventricular diastole

A

Ao regurgitation - blood moving back into the Ao

AV Stenosis - blood cant get into ventricles

V - KCU - CP (T2) - OMS1 (20 decks)

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