Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 - Organisation of the Body > 7.3 Muscles and Movements of the Limbs > Flashcards

7.3 Muscles and Movements of the Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are all of the classifications/shapes that a muscle can be?

A
  • Convergent
  • Circular
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate
  • Parallel
  • Fusiform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of and an example of circular muscle?

A

Function:
- Sphincter muscles that allow the opening and closing of orifices
Example(s):
- Orbicular oris (mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features, function and some examples of the different types of pennate muscle?

A

Features and function:
- Fibres at an angle to the muscle’s line of action
- High fibre density
- Rotate as they shorten
- Result in a lot of power being generated across the joint
- Unipennate = only one side has the diagonal fibres (looks like a quill)
- Bipennate = two sides have the diagonal fibres
- Multipennate = multiple groups of diagonal fibres
Examples:
- Unipennate, extensor digitorum longus
- Bipennate, rectus femoris
- Multipennate, deltoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the features, function and example(s) of parallel muscles?

A

Features and function:
- Fibres align themselves parallel to the line of action of the muscle
- Usually long muscles
- Bring about larger but typically weaker movements than pennate muscles
Examples:
- Sartorius
- Sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features, function and example(s) of fusiform muscles?

A

Features and function:
- Spindle-shaped
- Has a ‘muscle belly’ that is wider than the points of origin and insertion
- Provides a large range of motion/larger than other shapes of muscle
Examples:
- Biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the features, function and examples of convergent muscle?

A 
Features and function:
- Triangular/fan- shaped muscles
- Wide origins
- Narrow insertions
  -> this results in high risk of tear or damage
- Wide variation of fibre angles in muscles allows for multiple actions across joints
Examples:
- Pectoralis major
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

An area of a bone to which the muscle is attached via a tendon, but this region won’t move during the muscle’s action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

An area of a bone to which the muscle is attached via a tendon, but this region will move during the muscle’s action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Practice drawing out the diagram of a muscle insertion

A

Do it! Diagram is from Tom Cosker’s muscle and movement lecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • Over how many joints are the biceps and gastrocnemius active over?
A

Both are active over 2 joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Where does the biceps insert?
A

Into the coracoid process (9 things insert into here, don’t mention this unless you can name all of them!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A small fluid filled sac that cushions and reduces friction at a joint, will exist between two tissues that could grate over each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an enthesis?

A

The name for where a muscle attaches to a bone, referring exactly to the connective tissue between a tendon and a bone (can be cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is surface area increased at entheses?

A

The bone has a rough surface to increase the area articulating with the calcified fibrocartilage of the enthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the fibrocartilage in a enthesis/insertion/origin calcified, and where is it now?

A
  • On bursal side of tendon/further from the bone: un-mineralised
  • On the bursal side of the bone/closer to the bone: calcified
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Revise movements of joints

A

See set of flash cards on joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the definition of a muscle agonist (with example)?

A

An agonist is the muscle that provides the primary force driving the joint to perform the movement in question
For example:
- Elbow flexion, agonist = biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the definition of a muscle antagonist (with example)?

A

An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the agonist, providing some resistance to the agonist muscle and may reverse the movement in question. May also stabilise action of agonist.
For example:
- Elbow flexion, antagonist = triceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the definition of a muscle synergist (with example)?

A

A synergist is a muscle that assists the agonist muscle in performing the movement in question
For example:
- Elbow flexion, synergist = brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What rough muscle group carries out flexion of the hip?

A

Anterior muscle group, e.g. psioas major (innervated by L1-L3 anterior rami), iliacus, pectineus, rectus femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What nerve innervates the hip flexor compartment?

A

Anterior thigh muscle compartment, innervated by the femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What rough muscle group carries out extension of the hip?

A

Posterior thigh muscle compartment, e.g. gluteus maximus and the hamstrings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What nerves innervate the hip extensor compartment?

A

Posterior thigh muscle compartment, gluteus maximus by the inferior gluteal nerve, the hamstrings by the sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What rough muscle group carries out abduction of the hip?

A

Muscles on the lateral aspect of the joint, e.g. gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What nerve innervates the hip abductors?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What rough muscle group carries out the addiction of the hip?

A

Muscles on the medial aspect of the joint/attached to the pubis bone, e.g. adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis and adductor magnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What nerve innervates the hip adductors?

A

Obturator nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • What muscles carry out medial rotation of the hip?
A

Adductor longus and tensor fasciae latae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • What muscles carry out lateral rotation of the hip?
A

Primary: gluteus maximus

Assisted by: piriformis, obturator internus and quadratus femoris

30
Q

What rough muscle group carries out knee flexion?

A

Posterior thigh muscle compartment, e.g. hamstrings

31
Q

What nerve innervates the knee flexors?

A

Muscles are the hamstrings, innervated by the sciatic nerve

32
Q

What rough muscle group carries out knee extension?

A

Anterior thigh muscle compartment, e.g. quadriceps femoris

33
Q

How many compartments are there in the leg?

A

4

  • Superficial posterior compartment
  • Deep posterior compartment
  • Lateral compartment
  • Anterior compartment
34
Q

Which muscle groups of the leg carry out ankle plantarflexion?

A

Both the superior and the deep muscle compartments of the leg

35
Q

What muscle group of the leg carries out ankle eversion?

A

Lateral compartment of the leg

36
Q

What muscle group of the leg carries out ankle inversion and dorsiflexion?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg

37
Q
  • What is compartment syndrome?
A
  • This is where bleeding into or swelling of the muscle compartments can result in compression of the deep veins, causing further oedema and raised compartmental pressure
  • Arteries are not compressed, so blood is coming in but is unable to leave, causing the raised pressure
  • Eventually pressure will rise to the point where the artery is also blocked, resulting in ischaemia and death of the tissue
  • Surgical emergency, surgical treatment is to make medial incisions into the leg to release the pressure in all 4 compartments
38
Q

What are fascia?

A

Fibrous connective tissues that surround muscles or muscle compartments as well as associated vessels, allowing adjacent muscles/muscle compartments to slide over each other
In the lower limb, fascia encourage venous return (return of deoxygenated blood to the heart)

39
Q

What rough muscle group carries out flexion of the shoulder?

A

Muscles crossing the shoulder anteriorly, e.g. pectoralis major, coracobrachialis and deltoid

40
Q

What nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

41
Q

What rough muscle group carries out extension of the shoulder?

A

Muscles crossing the shoulder posteriorly, e.g. triceps brachii, deltoid and latissimus dorsi

42
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps brachii?

A

Radial nerve

43
Q

What rough muscle group carries out abduction of the shoulder?

A

Muscles crossing the shoulder joint laterally/insert into the lateral proximal humerus, e.g. deltoid and supraspinatus

44
Q

How many degrees of abduction does supraspinatus aid with?

A

The first 10-15 degrees

45
Q

What rough muscle group carries out the adduction of the shoulder?

A

No exact muscle group, adducting muscles are:

  • Triceps brachii
  • Pectoralis major
  • Teres major
  • Latissimus dorsi
46
Q

What is the major medial rotator of the shoulder from the resting position?

A

Subscapularis

47
Q

What are some of the major lateral rotators of the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus, teres minor

48
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis

REMEMBER: SITS

49
Q

Where does subscapularis insert and what nerve innervates the muscle?

A
  • Lesser tuberosity of the humerus (only one of the rotator cuff muscles to insert here)
  • Both the upper and lower subscapular nerves
50
Q

Where does teres minor insert and what nerve innervates the muscle?

A
  • Greater tuberosity of the humerus

- The axillary nerve

51
Q

Where does supraspinatus insert and what nerve innervates the muscle?

A
  • Greater tuberosity of the humerus

- Suprascapular nerve

52
Q

Where does infraspinatus insert and what nerve innervates the muscle?

A
  • Greater tuberosity of the humerus

- Suprascapular nerve

53
Q

What initiation of movement does supraspinatus allow?

A

The first 30 degrees of abduction

54
Q

What rough muscle group carries out flexion of the elbow?

A

Muscles crossing the joint anteriorly, e.g. biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis

55
Q

What nerve innervates the elbow flexor muscles?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

56
Q

What rough muscle group carries out extension of the elbow?

A

Muscles crossing the joint posteriorly, e.g. triceps brachii and anconeus

57
Q

What are the three muscle compartments of the forearm?

A

Anterior/posterior compartments and the mobile wad

58
Q

What nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Median and ulnar nerves

59
Q
  • What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor pollicus longus
  • Pronator teres
60
Q

What nerves innervate the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial and posterior interosseous nerves

61
Q
  • What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
A
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor digiti minimi
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Supinator
62
Q
  • What are the muscles of the mobile wad?
A
  • Brachioradialis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
63
Q

What muscle group carries out pronation?

A

Muscles of the anterior muscle compartment of the forearm, pronator teres and pronator quadratus

64
Q

What muscle group carries out supination?

A

Supinator muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm

65
Q
  • What is tennis elbow?
A

Where a tendon of one of the extensor muscles of the elbow inserting into the lateral epicondyle of the humerus is damaged, causing pain and restricting movement of the elbow

66
Q
  • What is golfers’ elbow?
A

Where microtears occur in the tendons of wrist flexor muscles attaching to the medial epicondyle occur, causing pain and limiting movement of the elbow

67
Q

What movements are more complicated, those of the hand or of the foot?

A

Those of the hand, as there are a lot more muscles present in the hand which allow more complex movements (the shape of the thumb joint also allows opposition, a unique movement)

68
Q

What joints and muscles allow pronation and supination?

A 
Pronation muscles:
- Pronator teres
- Pronator quadratus
Supination muscles:
- Supinator
Joints:
- Proximal radioulnar joint
  -> the radius rotates around the ulna (see joint flashcards for more detail), radius is proximally thin and distally wide, ulna is the opposite
69
Q

What are reticulina?

A

Bands of thickened fascia around tendons that hold them in place - not attached to any muscle but play a huge role in stabilising tendons

70
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

A layer of synovial membrane around a tendon that allows it to stretch and not get stuck to the surrounding fascia. Comes in two layers:

  • Synovial sheath (inner)
  • Fibrous sheath (outer)

Year 1 - Organisation of the Body (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions