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REPRODUCTION > Infertility > Flashcards

Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What ares some examples of conditions which may be indicators for ACT?

A

Endometriosis

Tubal disease

Ovulatory disorders

Male factor infertility

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2
Q

Give some examples of important criteria which must e met before ACT can be started?

A

Alcohol: females <4 units, men <14 units

Weight BMI 18.5-30

Abstinence from drugs

Smoking cessation

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3
Q

What are the treatment options available of assisted conception?

A

Donor insemination

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Intra-uterine insemination (IUI)

Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Fertility preservation

Surrogacy

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4
Q

What are some of the possible complications of assisted conception?

A

Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome

Multiple pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy

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5
Q

How does ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome present?

A

Abdominal bloating

Abdominal pain

N&V

US evidence of ascites

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6
Q

What is a heterotrophic pregnancy?

A

Both intrauterine (normal) and extrauterine (ectopic) pregnancy occur simultaneously

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7
Q

How is intra uterine insemination (IUI) performed?

A

Prepared semen is inserted into the uterine cavity around the time of ovulation

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8
Q

How is in vitro fertilisation (IVF) performed?

A

Egg and sperm are combined outwith the body

egg is collected form the female and sperm form the male

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9
Q

For how long must a male abstain before producing sperm for IVF?

A

72 hours

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10
Q

How is intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) performed?

A

Sperm may need to be surgically aspirated

Egg is stripped, sperm is immobilised then injected

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11
Q

What are the two primitive genital ducts?

A

Wolffian and Mullerian ducts

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12
Q

Describe the development of the reproductive tracts from the primitive genital ducts in males and females

A

MALE
Wolffian duct forms the reproductive tract
Mullerian duct degenerates

FEMALE
Wolffian duct degenerates
Mullerian duct forms the reproductive tract

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13
Q

How does androgen insensitivity syndrome present?

A

Phenotypically female
- Female external genitalia but absence of the uterus and ovaries and have a short vagina

present at puberty with amenorrhoea

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14
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Congenital insensitivity to androgens

X-linked recessive

Male karyotype (46 XY) but phenotypically female

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15
Q

What is the normal testicular volume pre-pubertal and in adults?

A

1-3mls pre-pubertal

12-25mls in adults

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16
Q

What is used to measure testicular volume?

A

An orchidometer

17
Q

What is the medical term for undescended testes?

A

Cryptorchidism

18
Q

What cells does LH act on and what effect does this have?

A

LH acts on Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone secretion

19
Q

What cells does FSH act on and what effect does this have?

A

FSH acts on sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis

20
Q

Inhibin and activin are important for feedback to the pituitary gland. They are produced from which cells?

A

Sertoli cells

21
Q

What effects does testosterone have throughout life?

A

Descent of the testes

Puberty and secondary sexual characteristics

Spermatogenesis

22
Q

What are some of the causes of obstructive male infertility?

A

Cystic fibrosis

Vasectomy

Infection

23
Q

What are some of the non-obstructive causes of male infertility?

A

Cryptochordism

Klinefelter’s

Endocrine disorders

Systemic disorders e.t.c

24
Q

What are the hallmarks of Kallman’s syndrome?

A

Don’t produce LH and FSH

Poor sense of smell

25
Q

What factors should be examined in semen analysis?

A

Volume

Density

Motility

Progression

26
Q

What factors can falsely result in poor semen analysis?

A

Illness

Temperature

Failure to abstain for 3 days before giving a sample

Too long between production and assessment

27
Q

What are some of the possible treatment options for male infertility?

A

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Surgical sperm aspiration

Donor insemination

28
Q

What things are recommended to help with male infertility?

A

Frequent sexual intercourse 2-3x per week with avoidance of lubricants which are toxic to sperm

Avoid tight fitting underwear and prolonged hot baths and saunas

<4 units of alcohol per day

Smoking cessation

BMI<30

29
Q

What does oligoasthenospermia mean?

A

Low count and low motility

30
Q

What does teratoasthenospermia mean?

A

Low motility and abnormal forms

31
Q

At what stage of development can an embryo transfer be successful?

A

Blastocyst stage

32
Q

How many couples suffer form infertility?

A

1 in 6

REPRODUCTION (12 decks)

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