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Body Defence > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A complex network of cells/soluble molecules which interact with one/other to remove foreign material from the body

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2
Q

What two types of pathogens does the immune system destroy?

A
  • Intracellular

- Extracellular

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3
Q

What are the intracellular pathogens destroyed by the immune system? (2)

A
  • Viruses (reproduce in cell)

- Some bacteria

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4
Q

What are the extracellular organisms destroyed by the immune system? (4)

A
  • Bacteria
  • Parasite
  • Worms
  • Cancer cells
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5
Q

What types of conditions result from errors in the immune system? (4)

A
  • Allergic reaction
  • Immunopathology
  • Immune deficiency
  • Autoimmunity
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6
Q

What is an allergic reaction? (2)

A
  • Hypersensitivity to foreign non pathogenic antigens

- Mounting immune response to enviornmental material

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7
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

Excessive immune response causing tissue/organ damage

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8
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Self reactivity to own tissues/cells

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9
Q

What is immune deficiency caused by? (3)

A
  • Passive maternal antibody transfer shortly before birth protects neonate
  • Neonate normally develops own immune system shortly after birth
  • If not: common resp problems due to loss of maternal antibodies and lack of own immunity
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10
Q

What are the requirements of the immune system? (2)

A
  • Function in context of physiological functions of tissues

- Function despite evolutionary pressures

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11
Q

What are the two pressure on the immune system that come into conflict? (2)

A
  • Protective

- Preservative

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12
Q

What is the protective function of the immune system?

A

The most effective means of destroying harmful pathogens

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13
Q

What is the preservative function of the immune system?

A

Immune mediated protection without disrupting normal physiological function

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14
Q

What is the relationship between the protective and preservative functions of the immune system?

A

Inverse - more protective, less preservative

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15
Q

What does the immune system response depend on?

A

The area of the body

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16
Q

What is a common bacteria found on the skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

What can be caused by staphylococcus aureus breaching the skin? (2)

A
  • Cellulitis

- Tissue damage

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of viruses that cause infections

A
  • Variola (small pox)
  • Influenza virus
  • HIV
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19
Q

How does HIV operate? (2)

A
  • Attacks own body’s immune system

- Binds to T cells and destroys them

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20
Q

What common parasite does the immune system protect against?

A

Brugia malayi

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21
Q

What common condition does brugia malayi lead to?

A

Elephantitus

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22
Q

What is elephantitus?

A

Enlargement of limbs due to tissue swelling because of lymphatic blockage

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23
Q

Give an example of a prominent autoimmune disease

A

Multiple sclerosis

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24
Q

What causes autoimmunity?

A

Failure to distinguish self from non self

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25
Q

What is associated with tertiary stage syphilis?

A

Granulomatous skin “gumma”

26
Q

Give a prominent example of immunopathology

A

Syphilis

27
Q

What common system is a result of immunopathology?

A

Fibrosis

28
Q

Give a prominent example of allergy

A

Rhus dermatitis

29
Q

What is rhus dermatitis?

A

Contact allergy to poison ivy

30
Q

Give a prominent example of immundeficiency

A

Oral candida albicans

31
Q

What is oral candida albicans?

A

Oral thrush - yeast infection of oral cavity

32
Q

What is the relationship between inflammation and innate immunity? (2)

A
  • The inflammatory process mobilises the determinants of the innate immune response
  • Turns a “random event” into an “ordered event”
33
Q

How does the immune response control the inflammatory response?

A

Inflammation continues until switch off circuits from immune response

34
Q

What is the 1st line of defence of the immune system?

A

Innate immune response

35
Q

What does the innate immune response do at best?

A

Eradicates infection

36
Q

What does the innate immune response do at worst?

A

Slows down/delays infection until adaptive immune response generated

37
Q

What are the 3 parts of the innate immune system?

A
  • Barriers
  • Cellular components (cells)
  • Humoral components (soluble factors)
38
Q

How do the cellular components contribute to the innate immune system?

A
  • Cell surface molecule interactions control/destroy potential threat
  • Receptors on cells interact with ligands in environment causing active responses (e.g engulfment)
39
Q

What do the cellular component cell surface molecule interactions in the innate immune system result in? (2)

A

Controlling/destroying potential threat

40
Q

What type of factors are humoral components?

A

Soluble

41
Q

What is immune cell development known as?

A

Hematopoiesis

42
Q

What is the first pluripotent progenitor cell of the immune system?

A

Hematopoetic stem cell

43
Q

Where are hematopoetic stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

44
Q

What do hematopoetic stem cells split into?

A

3 sets of progenitor:

  • Lymphoid
  • Myleoid
  • Erythroid
45
Q

What do lymphoid progenitor cells generate?` Give 3 examples

A

Lymphocytes for adaptive immune response

  • B cell
  • T cell
  • NK cell
46
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells generate?`

A
  • Polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
  • Mast cell
  • Dendritic cell
47
Q

What are the properties of a polymorphonuclear cell? (2)

A
  • Nucleus with several lobes

- Cytoplasm with granules

48
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Deliver antigens to the adaptive immune response

49
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Big inflammatory mediators

50
Q

What do mast cells contain? (3)

A
  • Rostoglandins
  • Histamines
  • Inflammatory mediators
51
Q

What do mast cells do when activated?

A
  • Deposit granules present to give rise to an inflammatory response
  • Presence keeps driving information
52
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Scavenger cells

53
Q

What two cells do erythroids split into?

A
  • Megakaryocyte

- RBC

54
Q

What do megakaryocytes form?

A

Platelets

55
Q

What is the myeloid progenitor cell responsible for overall?

A

Innate immune response

56
Q

What is the lymphoid progenitor cell responsible for overall?

A

Adaptive immune response

57
Q

List the cells of the innate immune system (7)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
58
Q

What is the progenitor of the cells of the innate immune system?

A

Myeloid

59
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils?

A

To kill rapidly dividing bacteria

60
Q

What is the purpose of eosinophils?

A

Kill parasites (worms and flukes)

Body Defence (11 decks)

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