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Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things.

  • Living things contain many chemical reactions inside them.
  • Enzymes are BIOLOGICAL catalysts
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2
Q

What do enzymes contain so that they can catalyse reactions?

A

Active Site

  • Substrate enters active site(perfectly fits)
  • Substrate leaves the active site as new products
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3
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes rate of reaction?

A

When it is too cold, the rate is slow.
When it is too hot, the rate is slow as the enzyme has denatured
All enzymes have an optimum temperature which they work best at.

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4
Q

How does pH level effect enzymes rate of reaction?

A

If the pH level is too high or too low, the rate is slow as the pH interferes causing the enzyme to denature.
All enzymes have an optimum pH they work at-usually pH7.

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5
Q

How does substrate concentration effect enzymes rate of reaction?

A

More substrate causes the rate to rise up to a point, as the active sites become full.

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6
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide+water = glucose+oxygen

light

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7
Q

What happens during photosynthesis?

A

Plants use energy from the sun to make glucose.
-occurs inside chloroplasts, which contains enzymes that catalyse reactions, and contain chlorophyll which absorb energy from the sun.

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8
Q

How does light and carbon dioxide effect rate of photosynthesis?

A

As the factors increase individually, the rate increases up to a point. When the factors reach that point, more of the other factors are required

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9
Q

How does temperature effect rate of photosynthesis?

A

If it is too hot or cold, the rate is slow

The temperature has to be right for the enzymes inside the chloroplasts to work at their optimum level.

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10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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12
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

The movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration.

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13
Q

Why is exchanging substances trickier in multi-cellular organisms?

A

Diffusion is harder as some cells are deep inside the organism.

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14
Q

What is the stomata?

A

The stomata allows gases to diffuse in and out, including water vapour to escape-transpiration
The gases diffuse through the partially-permeable membrane.

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15
Q

What do root hairs do?

A

Plants take in water and mineral ions.
-Water is required for photosynthesis
-Mineral ions are required for growth
Contain millions of hairs which gives the plant a bigger surface area for absorbing water.

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16
Q

What is the role of the phloem tubes?

A

Phloem tubes transport food substances up and down the stem-Translocation.

  • Made up of living cells called sieve tube elements
  • Sieve cells contain no nucleus.
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17
Q

What is the role of xylem tubes?

A

Take water and mineral ions up and down the stem.

-Made up of dead cells joined end to end.

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18
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant.

-Caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface.

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19
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Surround the stomata and change shape

  • When the guard cells are turgid, the stomata opens
  • Stomata closes when water dries up
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20
Q

How can changes of ions inside the guard cells help to open and close the stomata?

A

In response to stimuli like light, potassium ions are pumped into guard cells

  • Decreases concentration of water molecules
  • Water then moves into the guard cells, making them turgid-the stomata opens.
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21
Q

What 3 factors affect transpiration rate?

A

Increase in light increases rate of photosynthesis-the demand for water. Increases rate of transpiration.
Increase in temperature increases transpiration rate.
Increase in air movement increases rate of transpiration.

22
Q

What is a potometer?

A

Special device which measures water uptake.

23
Q

What are the different levels of ecosystem organisation?

A

Individual
Population
-all the organisms of one species in a habitat
Community
-all the (different species)organisms living in a habitat

24
Q

What resources do organisms compete for to survive?

A

Plants need light, space, water and mineraals

Animals need space, shelter, food, water and mates

25
Q

What are abiotic factors? How do they affect communities?

A

Abiotic factors are non-living factors.

  • e.g. increase in temperature could lead to more of a species living there
  • e.g. chemicals in fertilizers could build up in food chains
26
Q

What are biotic factors? How do they affect communities?

A

Biotic factors are living factors.

  • Availability of food
  • Number of pathogens
  • Presence of pathogens
27
Q

What is a quadrat used for?

A

Place a quadrat on a random point within an area

  • count the organisms in the quadrat
  • repeat steps 1 and 2 lots of times
  • Work out the mean number of organisms in each quadrat
28
Q

What is the Capture-Mark-Release-Recapture?

A

Used to estimate population sizes.
-Capture sample of the population and mark them
-Release them and recapture organisms in the earea
-Then estimate the population:
Number in first sample x number in second sample
——————————————————————————–
number in second sample previously marked

29
Q

What is a key?

A

A key is a series of questions used to work out what an unknown organism is.

30
Q

What are transects?

A

Can show how the distribution of an organism changes across an area.
-Place quadrats across a line and record the number of desired organisms found

31
Q

How can you measure abiotic factors?

A
  • Use a thermometer
  • measure soil pH
  • use sol moisture meter
32
Q

How can the distribution of organisms asses pollution?

A

-Some invertebrate animals struggle to where the water is polluted.
If you find an invertebrate animal living in water, it suggests that it is clean.

If the air is clean, there are lots of lichen

33
Q

What are food chains?

A

Food chains always start off with a producer.
Biomass is transferred through living organisms when organisms eat eachother.

Food webs can show how food chains are linked.

34
Q

What is Interdependence?

A

How the change in a size of a population will affect the sizes of other organisms In a food chain.

35
Q

What are pyramids of biomass?

A

Pyramids of biomass show the mass of living material of that chain of the food chain.

36
Q

Why is biomass lost between each trophic level?

A

Some of the glucose produced by plants is used immediately-it doesn’t become biomass
Animals use biomass for respiration, digestion
Not all of every organism is eaten

37
Q

What is the formula for efficiency of biomass?

A

biomas available to next level/biomass available on previous level x 100

38
Q

What are long-chain carbohydrates made from?

A

Simple sugars

39
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Amino Acids

40
Q

What are lipids made from?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

41
Q

Why do plants contain organic materials in their biomass?

A

Producers take in element they require to survive in their environment

  • Use carbon to make glucose
  • Glucose then used to make organic molecules, such as suagrs, fatty acids and glycerol
42
Q

How can starch be tested for?

A

Adding iodine to the test sample

-the solution will turn browny orange

43
Q

How can lipids be tested for?

A

Shake solution with ethanol untilvit dissolves

-solution turns milky

44
Q

How can you test for proteins?

A

Using the Biuret test

  • add sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate
  • it turns purple
45
Q

How do carbon compounds leave plants?

A

Eaten
Burned
Respiration

46
Q

How do carbon compounds leave animals?

A

Excreted

Respiration

47
Q

Describe the water cycle:

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff

48
Q

What is decomposition?

A

When organisms are broken down by decomposers

49
Q

What factors effect the rate of decomposition?

A

Oxygen availability
Temperature
Water content

50
Q

What are the dangers of decomposers in landfill sited?

A

Add to the greenhouse effect

Respire anaerobically which release methane.

Biology (6 decks)

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