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Gastrointestinal > GI anatomy > Flashcards

GI anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What organs lie within the Right Hypochondriac region?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney

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2
Q

What organs lie within the Epigastric region?

A

Stomach, Liver and Pancreas

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3
Q

What organs lie within the Left Hypochondriac region?

A

Spleen, Left Kidney, Colon

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4
Q

What organs lie within the Right Lumbar region?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Ascending Colon

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5
Q

What organs lie within the Umbilical region?

A

Stomach, Small Intestine, Transverse Colon

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6
Q

What organs lie within the Left Lumbar region?

A

Descending Colon, Left Kidney, Small Intestine

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7
Q

Which organs lie within the Right Iliac region?

A

Caecum, Appendix, Right Ovary

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8
Q

Which organs lie within the Left Iliac Region?

A

Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Left Ovary

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9
Q

Which organs lie within the Hypogastric region?

A

Urinary Bladder, Uterus, Rectum

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10
Q

What is the action of the External Oblique and Internal Oblique?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera. Flex and Rotate the trunk

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11
Q

What is the action of the Transversus Abdominis?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera

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12
Q

What innervates the External Oblique?

A

Thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves

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13
Q

What innervates the internal obliques and transversus abdominis?

A

Thoraco-abdominal, subcostal and first lumbar nerve

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14
Q

What is the function of the Rectus Abdominis ?

A

To flex trunk, compress viscera and control/stabilise pelvic tilt

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15
Q

Where is the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis in relation to the rectus abdominis?

A

Posterior

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16
Q

What is the function of the pyramidalis?

A

To stabilise the linea alba

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17
Q

What is the rectus sheath made up of?

A

The external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

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18
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-T11

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19
Q

To which bony landmarks is the inguinal ligament attached?

A

Anterior Iliac Spine, Pubic Tubercle

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20
Q

Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Above and superolateral to the pubic tubercle

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21
Q

The superior epigastric vessels are branches of which vessels?

A

Internal Thoracic

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22
Q

The inferior epigastric vessels are branches of which vessels?

A

External Iliac

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23
Q

What lies within the inguinal canal of a male?

A

Spermatic cord, Ilioinguinal Nerve and Deep Inguinal Ring

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24
Q

What lies within the inguinal canal of a female?

A

Ligamentum Teres, Ilioinguinal Nerve, Deep Inguinal Ring

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25
Q

What lies within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal Fluid

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26
Q

Name the two sacs of the peritoneum?

A

Greater and Lesser

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27
Q

Which passage links the greater and lesser sacs?

A

Epiploic Foramen

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28
Q

Name some retroperitoneal organs?

A 
Suprarenal  Glands
Aorta
Duodenum (2nd and 3rd segments)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (Ascending and Descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
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29
Q

Name some intraperitoneal organs?

A 
Stomach
Transverse Colon
Rectum (upper 1/3)
Appendix
Pancreas Tail
Sigmoid Colon

Spleen
Small Intestinal
Duodenum (1st segment)

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30
Q

The greater omentum is connected to which two organs?

A

Greater curvature of stomach -> transverse colon

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31
Q

The lesser omentum is attached to which two organs?

A

Liver to lesser curvature of stomach

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32
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum?

A

T6-12 and L1

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33
Q

What nerves innervate the visceral peritoneum?

A

Autonomic Nerves

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34
Q

What muscles lie within the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The iliacus, psoas major and Quadratus Lumborum

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35
Q

Which organs and tubes lie within the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The descending aorta, the kidneys an the ascending colon

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36
Q

What are the main vessels within the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The IVC and abdominal aorta

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37
Q

What nerves lie within the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Subcostal nerves and lumbar plexus

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38
Q

What are the three major openings within the diaphragm?

A

Caval, Aortic and Oesophageal Hiatus

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39
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta which supply the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric

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40
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into the common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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41
Q

How is the IVC formed in the abdomen?

A

By the union of common iliac veins

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42
Q

At what vertebral level does the celiac artery arise?

A

T12

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43
Q

At what vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L1

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44
Q

At what vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L3

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45
Q

Which blood vessel supplied the foregut?

A

The celiac artery

46
Q

Which blood vessel supplied the midgut?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

47
Q

Which blood vessel supplied the hindgut?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery

48
Q

The foregut formed which strucures?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, bile duct, abdominal part of the oesophagus

49
Q

The midgut formed which structures?

A

The duodenum, the ileum, part of the jejunum,appendix, caecum

50
Q

The hindgut formed which structures?

A

The descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the anal canal and rectum

51
Q

The portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins of the abdominal cavity?

A

Splenic Veins and Superior Mesenteric Vein

52
Q

Name the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body?

A

Distal oesophagus, anorectal veins, paraumbillical region, retroperitoneal veins

53
Q

What nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?

A

Abdomiopelvic splanchnic veins, prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, abdominal aorta plexuses

54
Q

What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?

A

Vagal trunks, pelvic splanchnic nerves

55
Q

Where to sympathetic nerve synapse?

A

SYNAPSE ONTO CHAIN

56
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves synapse?

A

Directly onto organ

57
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3 on posterior abdominal wall

58
Q

What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?

A

Endocrine

59
Q

Where is the suprarenal gland?

A

Between the superior aspect of the kidney and the crura of the diaphragm

60
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

To carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

61
Q

What is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter?

A

The renal pelvis

62
Q

Where is the ureter constricted?

A

At the pelviuteric junction, where ureters cross brim of pelvic inlet, during their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

63
Q

What structures go through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Oesophagus, vagus,branches of the left gastric artery and the phrenic nerve

64
Q

What vein drains the abdominal part of the oesophagus?

A

The left gastric vein

65
Q

What artery supplies the abdominal part of the oesophagus ?

A

Branches of the left gastric artery

66
Q

Name the two orifices of the stomach

A

The pyloric and cardiac orifice

67
Q

Name the two curvatures of the stomach

A

The greater and the lesser

68
Q

Where does the pyloric sphincter lie?

A

Between the pyloris and the duodenum

69
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

To help move stomach contents into the small intestine

70
Q

What are gastric folds formed from?

A

Mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach

71
Q

Where are ruggae most prominent?

A

Along the greater curvature and the pyloric region

72
Q

Where do the bile and pancreatic ducts open into?

A

The duodenum

73
Q

Where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine?

A

Bile duct opening

74
Q

In which part of the small intestine do the arterial arcades have many loops?

A

The ileum

75
Q

Name three features of the large intestine which are absent in the small intestine

A

Large Intestine contains haustra, teniae coli and omental appendices

76
Q

What parts of the large intestine are retroperitoneal?

A

Caecum, Ascending Colon, Descending Colon

77
Q

What parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal?

A

Transverse colon, sigmoid colon

78
Q

Which two structures open into the cavity of caecum?

A

Ileum and appendix

79
Q

What supplies the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Terminal Branch of Inferior Mesenteric

80
Q

What supplies the middle 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Internal Iliac Artery

81
Q

What supplies the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Internal Pudendal Arterty

82
Q

What vein drains the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Superior Rectal Vein

83
Q

What vein drains the middle 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Middle Rectal Vein

84
Q

What vein drains the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Inferior Rectal Vein

85
Q

The hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are parts of which omentum?

A

The lesser omentum

86
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

The ligament which attaches the liver to the anterior body wall

87
Q

What lies within the falciform ligament?

A

The ligamentum teres and paraumbilical veins

88
Q

Where does the portal triad lie?

A

The free edge of the Lesser Omentum

89
Q

What are located in the gastric pits?

A

Parietal and chief cells, mucous cells and gastric glands

90
Q

What kind of epithelium is located on the surface of the microvilli?

A

Simple Columnar

91
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae?

A

Smooth

92
Q

What do Brunners glands secrete?

A

HCO3.

93
Q

What is the transpyloric plane?

A

An imaginary horizontal plane halfway between the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the pubis symphysis

94
Q

What structures lie in the transpyloric plane?

A

Pylorus, duodenum, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys

95
Q

What is the function of the spleen ?

A

To filter blood. To store RBC’s, platelets, WBC’s, réserve iron and phagocytosis

96
Q

What lies within the hilum of the spleen?

A

The splenic vein, splenic artery, gastrosplenic ligament and lymphatic vessels

97
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct open?

A

Major duodenal papilla

98
Q

The ligamentum teres is a remnant of which embryological structure?

A

The umbilical vein

99
Q

Name the three structures in the porta hepatis

A

Portal Vein, L and R Hepatic Ducts, L and R branches of Hepatic Artery

100
Q

What does the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consist of ?

A

Hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gall bladder, cystic duct and bile ducts

101
Q

Where is bile produced ?

A

The liver

102
Q

Where is bile stored ?

A

The gall bladder

103
Q

What fold of peritoneum is folded around the structures which lie within the porta hepatis?

A

Lesser omentum

104
Q

What is the function of bile ?

A

To dissolve fat and fat soluble vitamins

105
Q

Which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gall bladder ?

A

9th right

106
Q

Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

107
Q

What is the anatomy behind a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Protrudes through Hesselbach triangle. Passes medial to the inferior epigastric artery

108
Q

What is the anatomy behind an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Protrudes through the inguinal ring. Passes lateral to inferior epigastric artery

109
Q

What is the cause of a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Defect/weakness in transversalis fascia area of Hesselbach triangle

110
Q

What is the cause of an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Failure of processus vaginalis to close

111
Q

What is the anatomy behind a femoral hernia?

A

Protrudes below inguinal ligament, lateral to pubic tubercle

Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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