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science for medicine > life at the cellular level > Flashcards

life at the cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

why are cells so small

A

larger surface area relative to size

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2
Q

what are prokaryote cells

A

Bacteria
Lack Nuclear membrane
No Mitochondria
No membrane bound structures

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3
Q

what are Eukaryote cells

A 
Eukaryotic cell
Human cells
Multicellular animals and plants
Nucleus with membrane
Membrane bound structures
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4
Q

what are the two types of stem cells

A

pluripotent - all cell types (embryonic)

multipotent - differentiate into many cells

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5
Q

what are the 4 tissue types that make up organs

A

epithelial
nervous
muscular
connective (everything else)

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6
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

Concentration gradient needed
Lipid-soluble molecules pass freely (non-polar)

NON POLAR

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7
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

Concentration gradient needed

Requires carrier molecules

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8
Q

what is endocytosis

A

when molecules entre the cell via a vesicle

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9
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when a vesicle exits the cell

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10
Q

what are occluding junctions

A

tight junctions saling gap between epityilial cells

calcium - blood brain barrier

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11
Q

what are cell-cell anchoring junctions

A

connects actin filaments bundle in one cell to the

next

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12
Q

what are Gap junctions

A

create a channel and allow the small passage of water through

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13
Q

what are cell matrix anchoring junctions

A

anchor cell to basal membrane

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14
Q

what anchors intermediat fillamets in a cell to the extra cellular matrix

A

hemidesmosome

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15
Q

what are the 4 signalling types

A 
contact dependent - two cells touch 
endocrine - use the blood stream 
synaptic - nerves 
paracrine - one cell releases a local mediator 
(like endocrine but without the blood)
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16
Q

what other than the nucleus has DNA

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

what is the rough ER used for

A

protein modifications

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18
Q

what dose the Golgi do

A

modifications and transport of proteins

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19
Q

what is the smooth ER used for

A

to breakdown compounds (e.g. drugs and glycogen) or synthesise some compounds (e.g. lipids)

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20
Q

what are lysosomes used for

A

to separate harmful enzymes from the rest of the cell

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21
Q

what are microfilaments made up of

what do they do

A

actin

cell motility in general, changes in cell shape

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22
Q

what is the role of intermediate filaments

A

largely mechanical, meaning they provide support for the cell

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23
Q

what are the two monomers that make up microtubules

A

alpha tubulin, beta tubulin

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24
Q

what are the functions of micro tubules

A

structure of cell

hollow

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25
Q

what are cilia and flagella made of

A

microtubules

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26
Q

what are cilia

A

short, usually many present, move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke

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27
Q

what are flagella

A

longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike

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28
Q

what are micro villi used for

A

absorption in the gut

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29
Q

what is a central carbon called

A

chiral

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30
Q

what are the two forms of chiral

A

L - left handed

D - dextro (right handed)

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31
Q

what is true of most biological redox reactions

A

two e-’s (and two protons) are gained or lost

Often 2 hydrogen atoms are transferred from one molecule to another in dehydrogenation reactions

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32
Q

what is produced when glucose turns into pyruvate

A

2NAD+ turn into 2NADH

reduction reaction

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33
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

single stranded

34
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar monomers linked by glycosidic bonds

35
Q

what are starch and glycogen examples of

A

polymers of D-glucose

36
Q

why is D-glucose termed a reducing sugar

A

The linear form (but not cyclic form) has an aldehyde group, which can be oxidised

37
Q

what are the 5 types of chemical reaction

A

Redox reactions - glucose - pyruvate - lactate

Making and breaking C-C bonds - glucose clevage

Internal rearrangements - rearmament - glucose- fructose

Group transfers -phosphate group

Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
protein, nucleic acid sub units

38
Q

what is the structure of a nucleoside

A

base + ribose or deoxyribose

39
Q

what is the structure of a neucleotide

A

phosphate + nucleoside = nucleotide

40
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

Cytosine , thymine, uracil FLAT SINGLE RING

41
Q

what are the purines

A

FLAT DOUBLE RINGS

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

42
Q

why do purines and pyrimidines

A

if a DNA is not ‘‘3 across’’ there is a mutation (indicated by a size change which can be seen more easily)

43
Q

what is in a unsaturated lipid

A

double bond, bend

44
Q

Energy can be converted from one form to another but…

A

the total energy of the universe remains constant

45
Q

All energy transformations ultimately lead to…

A

more disorder in the universe, i.e. increase the entropy

46
Q

how do cells comply with the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

a cell maintains order - leading to increased order internally

however releases heat leading to increased DISORDER externally

47
Q

what must a spontaneous reaction do to occur

A

Becomes more random and increases in entropy

or give up energy

48
Q

when do spontaneous reactions ocurr

A

when there is a negative delta G value

49
Q

how are + delta G reactions carried out

A

Cells use a process called “energy coupling” to carry out thermodynamically unfavourable reactions

50
Q

when delta G is 0 it is…

A

incompatible with life

51
Q

do biological reactions ever reach equilibrium

A

no

52
Q

when is the dynamic steady state of a intermediate reached reached

A

when a intermediayte is being made and degraded and does not change concentration

53
Q

what are catabolic reactions

A

break down stuff

CATS break shit

54
Q

what are anabolic reactions

A

build stuff up

55
Q

Endergonic, anabolic pathway is “supplied” with Free Energy within a system through conversion of…

A

of ATP to ADP

56
Q

An exergonic, catabolic pathway “saves” Free Energy within a system by…

A

forming ATP

57
Q

what happens when ATP is hydrolysis

A

it turns into ADP + Pi

58
Q

why do ATP could catabolic and anabolic reactions together

A

to make the anabolic reactions thermodynamically favourable

59
Q

directly or indirectly, electron flow is responsible for producing…

A

all of the energy required by cells

60
Q

the release of electrons is like the release of

A

a phosphate

61
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid from head to tail

A

polar group
phosphate
glycerol
fatty acid

62
Q

what are Hydrophobic lipids are transported in

A

in a chylomicron through the blood

63
Q

what is a amphipathc molecule

give an example

A

molecules that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

phospholipids

64
Q

why do phospholipids form micelles

A

to minimise distruption of water to water hydrogen bonds

65
Q

what is the equilibrium constant of water

what can be removed to make the ionic product of water

A

H2O

Kw = [H+][OH-]

66
Q

what dose the ionic product equal

in turn what dose each ion equal

A

1X 10-14

each ion 1X 10-7mol/l
very small

67
Q

how is the pH of water determined

A

the negative log of [H+]

68
Q

why is acid have a lower pH

A

as the is more protons making 10-1 bigger than 10-14

when the negative log is used

69
Q

what is the pH of human blood and tears

A

pH 7.4

70
Q

what do strong acids and strong bases do

A

fully disassociate

71
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid

A

it has a carboxyl group and a amine group

72
Q

what is an acid

A

it is a proton donor

73
Q

what is a base

A

its a proton acceptor

74
Q

what is a conjugate acid-base pair

A

a proton donor and proton acceptor

75
Q

what is the acidic disassociation constant

Ka

A

[HA]

76
Q

what is pKa

A

Ka values on a negative log scale

the point at which there is an equilibrium

77
Q

what two equilibriums are linked in a weak acid

A

Kw and Ka

78
Q

what is the shape of a titration curve

A

a sharp rise in pH the a shallow rise in the Buffer zone

79
Q

what dose the Henderson-hassselbach equation relate

A

a weak acid to the conjugate base

80
Q

what is a buffer made of

A

a weak acid and its conjugate base

81
Q

what are 2 examples on buffers in the human body

A

phosphate buffer system in the cells

and in plasma bicarbonate buffer

science for medicine (17 decks)

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