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Renal-1 > Renal Embryology > Flashcards

Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is DHEA and what is its importance?

A

secreted by fetal cortex –> converted by placenta to estradiol = essential for normal pregnancy

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2
Q

When do the metanephros arise?

A

during 5th week

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3
Q

When does the suprarenal gland develop in utero? how?

A

5th week: coelomic epithelium delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm –> cortical cells –> NC cells migrate to medulla –> chromaffin cells

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4
Q

What are the major regions of the ventral cloaca?

What separates them?

A

urogenital sinus and anorectal canal are separated by urorectal septum

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5
Q

How do the major and minor calices form?

A

cranial part of ureteric bud branches –> collecting tubules first generations (4) of tubules –> major calices 2nd generations –> minor calices

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6
Q

How does the nephron form?

A

arched collecting tubules –> induce surrounding blastema to form metanephric vesicles –> elongate to form metanephric tubules –> proximal end = glomerular capsule; distal end differentiates into other tubules

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7
Q

What is a urachal fistula?

A

entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to leak out of umbilical hole

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8
Q

What are accessory renal vessels?

A

multiple renal arteries

~25% of adults

2x common as accessory veins

can obstruct the ureter –> hydronephrosis

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9
Q

What are the 3 sets of early nephric structures?

A

pronephros = first, rudimentary mesonephros = middle metanephros = permanent kidneys

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10
Q

What structures for from the ureteric bud? (4)

A

ureture

renal pelvis

major and minor calyces

collecting ducts

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11
Q

When do the mesonephros appear? When do they degenerate?

A

appear late 4th week function as interim kidneys from week 6-10 degenerate by week 12

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12
Q

How does the blood supply to the kidneys change in utero?

A

as kidneys ascend, renal arteries form, degenerate, and reform

first branch from common iliacs; definitive renal arteries are from abdominal aorta

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13
Q

What makes up the trigone?

A

residual mesonephric duct as it moves inferiorly and the ureteric duct

on posterior wall of bladder

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of kidney duplication?

A

caused by abnormal division of ureteric bud

incomplete division = divided kidney and bifed ureter

complete division = double didney and bifed ureter or separate ureters

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15
Q

What is a urachal sinus?

A

end of urachus remains open into pladder or umbilicus

body fluid can leak out of umbilicus

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16
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

A

1:10-40000

abnormality of body folding in 4th week –> defective closure of ventral abdominal wall = mucosa of posterior bladder wall is exposed to outside

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17
Q

What is horseshoe kidney?

A

1:1000

fusion of inferior poles of kidney

asymptomatic

ascent prevented by Inferior mesenteric artery

18
Q

What is a urachal cysts?

A

remnant of epithelial lining of urachus than can enlarge and get infected

19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus?

A
  1. vesical part: most superior, forms most of bladder
  2. pelvic part: forms neck of bladder; prostatic urethra and female urethra
  3. phallic part: most inferior; forms spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)
20
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cortex of the suprarenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa: produces mineralcorticoids

zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids

zona reticularis: sex hormones

21
Q

What type of germ tissue does the urinary system develop from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

22
Q

When is the mesonephric duct incorporated into the wall of the bladder?

What happens when they are connected?

A

4-6 weeks

openings are carried inferiorly to the pelvic urethra —> forms the trigone w/ ureteric ducts

23
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

A

abnormal dev of renal system

cysts are likely dilations of loop of henle

one kidney affected (75%)

24
Q

How do the permanent kidneys move in utero?

A

kidneys gradually ascend into the abdomen as pelvis elongates

hilum medially rotates 90 degrees

in adult position by 9th week

25
Q

What is bilateral renal agenesis?

A

both kidneys dont form

due to oligohydramnios

20% of ppl with this have potter syndrome = visible facial deformities, etc assoc w oligohydramnios

26
Q

What structures are induced from intermediate mesoderm in development of the urinary system?

A

urogenital ridge = raised area of intermediate mesoderm –> nephrogenic cord –> pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

27
Q

What germ layers do the parts of the bladder wall form from?

A

epithelium = endoderm (urogenital sinus)

submucosa and muscularis = splanchnic mesoderm

trigone = intermediate mesoerm (mesonephric ducts)

28
Q

What happens to the suprarenal glands postnatally?

A

cortex regresses 2nd month PN –> difinitive cortical cells reorganize

29
Q

What structure immediately precedes the ureter?

A

stalk of ureteric bud

30
Q

What is unilateral renal agenesis?

A

missing a kidney bc ureteric bud doesn’t form or deteriorates too soon - no communication btw bud and blastema

typically asymptomatic

suspected in infants w/ 1 umbilical arter

1:1000, more frequent in males

31
Q

What is epispadias?

A

urethral opening is on dorsum of penis rather than on ventral side

1:30000

32
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules develop into?

A

renal corpuscles = glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

33
Q

Where are the pronephros and what is their general structure and function?

A

bilaterally located in cervical region pronephric ducts run caudally and open into the cloaca *initiate the cascade leading to formation of definitive kidneys

34
Q

What is hydronephrosis and what can it be caused by?

A

back up of fluid in kidneys

can be caused by an accessory renal artery that obstructs the ureter

35
Q

When do the pronephros appear? when do they degenerate?

A

appear early 4th week degenerate by 24-25 days

36
Q

What characterizes the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

in the middle

consists of chromaffin cells = postganglionic sympathetic neurons

secrete norepinephrine and epi

37
Q

How does the metanephros arise?

A

caudal end of the mesonephric duct induces ureteric bud –> elongates and penetrates the metanephrogenic blastema

38
Q

Where are the mesonephros and what is their general structure?

A

extend from thoracic to lumbar mesonephric ducts form first and extend down to cloaca –> induce tubules from surrounding intermediate mesoderm

39
Q

What structures (4) form from the metanephric blastema?

A

(excretory portion)

bowman’s capsule

PCT

loop of Henle

DCT

40
Q

What is the allantois and what happens to it during development?

A

endoderm continuous w/ bladder that originally goes out umbilical cord –> constricts and forms the urachus –> median umbilical ligament after birth

Renal-1 (14 decks)

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