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Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum & Limbic System > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Which two parts of the corpus striatum are functionally similar ?

A

Caudate nucleus & Putamen

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2
Q

What constitutes the Lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen & Globus Pallidus

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3
Q

What are the Caudate nucleus & Putamen altogether known as?

A

Neostriatum/striatum

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4
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Corpus striatum & Amygdala

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5
Q

What are the Caudate nucleus, Globus Pallidus & Putamen called altogether?

A

Corpus striatum

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6
Q

What constitutes the Paleostriatum?

A

Globus Pallidus

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7
Q

What is the most ventral part of the striatum called?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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8
Q

Which integrative ‘system’ is Nucleus Accumbens a part of?

A

Limbic

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9
Q

What is the claustrum & where is it found?

A

It is a ‘sliver’ of gray matter found sandwiched within the white matter lateral to the putamen.

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10
Q

What is the structure that separates the head of the Caudate Nucleus from the Putamen?

A

Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule

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11
Q

Where is the Substantia Innominata?

A

Basal part of rostral (towards the head) forebrain BENEATH the Corpus Striatum

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12
Q

Name an important group of neurones in the Substantia Innominata

A

Nucleus Basalis (project widely to cerebral cortex and use ACh as neurotransmitter - main neurones to undergo degen. in Alzheimer’s disease)

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13
Q

What is the ‘input’ portion of the Corpus Striatum?

A

Caudate Nucleus & Putamen

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14
Q

What are the three MAIN striatal afferents?

A

Corticostriatal (frontal lobes & parietal lobes)
Thalamostriatal (intralaminar nuclei of thalamus)
Nigrostriatal (pars compacta of substantia nigra)

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15
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the corticostriatal fibres

A

Glutamic acid

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16
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the thalamostriatal fibres

A

Glutamic acid

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17
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the nigrostriatal fibres

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

Is glutamic acid excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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19
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Both - depending on which receptor it binds to [D1 or D2].

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20
Q

Name two (not as important) striatal afferents?

A

Mesolimbic/mesostriatal fibres (From VTA to Nucleus Accumbens)
Fibres from Raphe Nuclei (Found all along the brainstem)

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21
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by mesolimbic/mesostriatal fibres

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the Raphe nuclei

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

24
Q

What is the special name of the type of neurones that are striatal efferents?

A

Medium spiny neurones

25
Q

What are the three regions striatal efferents project to?

A

Internal Globus Pallidus, External Globus Pallidus, Pars Reticularis of Substantia Nigra

26
Q

Which neurotransmitter do striatopallidal and striatonigral fibres use?

A

GABA

27
Q

IS GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

28
Q

Which neuropeptide(s) do neurones projecting to the Internal Globus Pallidus & Pars Reticulata contain?

A

Dynorphin & Substance P

29
Q

Which neuropeptide(s) do neurones projecting to the External Globus Pallidus contain?

A

Met-enkephalin

30
Q

Which structure is the Internal Globus Pallidus and Pars Reticulata of the Substantia Nigra separated by?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

31
Q

What is regarded as the ‘output’ region of the basal ganglia?

A

Internal/Medial Globus Pallidus & Pars Reticulata of the Substantia Nigra

32
Q

What are the two pallidal afferents?

A

Striatopallidal & subthalamopallidal fibres

33
Q

Which part of the brain is the subthalamic nucleus found?

Eg. Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

A

Forebrain —> Caudal diencephalon

34
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus located in relation to the thalamus and internal capsule?

A

Beneath the thalamus.

Lies against the medial surface of the internal capsule.

35
Q

Describe the pathway of the subthalamopallidal fibres

A
  • Starts in the subthalamic nucleus.
  • Pass LATERALLY through the internal capsule.
  • As they pass through the internal capsule, they contribute to the fibre system: subthalamic fasciculus.
  • They terminate in both internal and external globus pallidus but there is more dense termination in the internal globus pallidus.
36
Q

Which neurotransmitter(s) do subthalamopallidal neurones use?

A

Glutamic acid

37
Q

Where else does the subthalamic nucleus send afferents?

A

Pars reticulata of the substantia nigra

38
Q

Where do the efferent fibres from the external/lateral globus pallidus project to?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

39
Q

Describe the path taken by the pallidosubthalamic fibres

A
  • Start in the lateral/external globus pallidus

- Pass MEDIALLY through the internal capsule in the subthalamic fasciculus.

40
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) do the pallidosubthalamic fibres use?

A

GABA

41
Q

What is the overall ‘output’ of the ‘output region’ when excited? - Excitatory or Inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

42
Q

What is the main efferent projection and the ‘accessory’ efferent projection of the internal globus pallidus & pars reticulata?

A

Primarily: THALAMUS

Some fibres: Brain Stem Tegmentum

43
Q

What is the brain stem tegmentum?

A

An ‘area’ of the brain stem which is mainly the posterior section of it when looking at it head on.

44
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) do the palllidothalamic and nigrothalamic fibres use?

A

GABA

45
Q

Which nuclei in the thalamus do the pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic fibres mainly project to?

A
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral anterior
  • centromedian
46
Q

What are the two main routes taken by pallidothalamic fibres?

A
  • As part of the ansa lenticularis

- As part of the lenticular fasciculus

47
Q

Describe the route when pallidothalamic fibres run as the ansa lenticularis

A
  • Start in the internal globus pallidus
  • Pass around the anterior margin of the internal capsule as ANSA LENTICULARIS
  • Fibres course medially.
  • Then, loop dorsally and laterally as the THALAMIC FASCICULUS.
  • Enter the thalamus from its VENTRAL aspect.
48
Q

Describe the route when pallidothalamic fibres run as the lenticular fasciculus

A
  • Start in the internal globus pallidus
  • Pass through the internal capsule as the LENTICULAR FASCICULUS.
  • Fibres course medially.
  • Then, loop dorsally and laterally as the THALAMIC FASCICULUS.
  • Enter the thalamus from its VENTRAL aspect.
49
Q

Which cellular region do pallidothalamic fibres circumnavigate when making their way to their destination?

A

Zona Incerta of the subthalamus - lies between the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus.

50
Q

Where do the thalamus’ target nuclei in the output of the basal ganglia project to in the brain? Excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • Motor regions of the frontal lobe - primary motor and supplementary motor cortices.
  • Excitatory
51
Q

Efferent pallidal and efferent nigral fibres run to the brain stem tegmentum. Where in that area do the fibres terminate?

A

The fibres pass caudally to..

Nucleus tegmenti peduncolopontinus –> Pedunculopontine nucleus.

52
Q

Where exactly is the peduncolopontine nucleus situated?

A

Boundary between midbrain and pons - surrounding superior cerebellar peduncle

53
Q

Projections to the pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus are somatotopically organised.
-Which movements are pallidal efferent neurones associated with?

A

Limb movements.

54
Q

-Which movements are nigral efferent neurones associated with?

A

Axial musculature - including extraocular muscles.

55
Q

Like palidal efferents, nigral efferents go to the ventral lateral thalamus, brain stem reticular formation (including pedunculopontine nucleus) and which other destination?

A

Superior colliculus

Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum & Limbic System (3 decks)

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