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Nutrition > Nutrition in Adolescents & Elderly > Flashcards

Nutrition in Adolescents & Elderly Flashcards

1
Q

When is total amount of nutrition intake the highest?

A
  • adolescence; nutrition
    need increases due to rapid growth
  • iron is important
  • increased need for calcium and zinc
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2
Q

What vitamin are kids aged 9-18 lacking?

A

Vitamin A

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3
Q

Girls aged 14-18 had a low intake of…?

A

Folate, vitamin B6 and B12

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4
Q

12% of adolescent girls lack….?

A

Iron

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5
Q

70% of girls (9-13) and 30% of boys (14-18) lack….?

A

Calcium

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6
Q

15% of girls (9-13) and 20% of girls aged 14-18 lack…?

A

Zinc

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7
Q

WFPB or whole food, plant based?

A
  • becoming popular in recognition that all vegetarian/vegan diets are not optimal if they contain highly processed foods
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8
Q

What visible symptom might indicate poor diet?

A

Brittle nails

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9
Q

Milk consumption in adolescence?

A
  • low in adolescents
  • female might choose calories-free soft drinks
  • calcium can be obtained from other sources of foods other than dairy
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10
Q

Correlation b/w soft drinks and bone mass

A
  • soft drinks linked to lower bone mass
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11
Q

What trends occur in total bone mass over the lifespan?

A
  • increases in growing children
  • in puberty, increases more in males
  • peaks at about age 35
  • men achieve a higher peak
  • bone loss after 35
  • in women, loss is accelerated for about 5 years after menopause
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12
Q

Eating disorders in teens?

A
  • commonly diagnosed in adolescence but factors contributing to them may begin much earlier
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13
Q

Teenage pregnancy and nutrition?

A
  • impact nutritional needs, nutrients are required for the growth of the baby and the teen
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14
Q

Smoking in teens?

A
  • causes chronic diseases later in life

- increases need for vitamin C due to oxidative stress from from tobacco use

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15
Q

Alcohol consumption in teens?

A
  • possibly due to peer pressure
  • alters absorption and metabolism of nutrients
  • replaces calories from nutritious foods
  • also linked to breast cancer
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16
Q

Fetal marijuana exposure…

A

Stunts cognitive performance

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17
Q

What is aging?

A
  • process throughout life
  • inevitable accumulation of changes with time that are associated with and responsible for an ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death
18
Q

What is life expectancy determined by?

A
  • combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors
19
Q

How to increase longevity of life?

A
  • calorie restriction

- only proven method

20
Q

Okinawans of Japan life expectancy and diet?

A
  • longest LE in the world
  • nutrient dense diet
  • low calorie
  • also move naturally, strong social network
21
Q

Calorie Restriction and CALERIE Study

A
  • Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy
  • thought to reduce oxidative damage generated through metabolic processes, leads to less cellular damage and therefore slower aging
22
Q

Phase 1 of CALERIE study?

A
  • lower insulin levels, lower body temperature, and less DNA damage
  • changes in cortisol and IGF have not been duplicated in humans
23
Q

Life expectancy in Canada? How many years are lived disease free

A
  • 78 years

- only 69 years are lived disease and disability free

24
Q

What is compression of morbidity?

A
  • delaying of onset of symptoms of diseases, so they take up less of later life
  • promotion of more years disability-free
  • would increase health of the aging population
  • spare the health care system
  • goal is to maintain QoL
25
Q

Nutrient requirements that increase in older adults?

A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin B6
  • calcium
  • magnesium
  • bone reabsorption occurs at greater levels
  • vitamin D doesn’t convert well in the skin at an older age
26
Q

Why is there a risk of malnutrition in elderly?

A
  • decreased immune function leads to illness
  • leads to increased medication use
  • decreases nutrition intake although there is increased need
  • decreased muscle mass also causes decreased accessibility of food
  • above 60 there is sensory decline
  • also a decrease in amount of saliva
27
Q

How is sensory decline a factor of malnutrition? How might it be prevented?

A
  • decrease in visual acuity make shopping and food preparation more difficult
  • consumption of antioxidant-rich foods in adulthood slows the progression of these disorders or prevents them
28
Q

How are gastrointestinal changes a factor of malnutrition?

A
  • tastebuds and saliva amount changes, prevents taste
  • stomachs empty slower, allowing older adults to feel full longer so they may not wish to eat
  • 10-30% of adults over 50 have ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, the incidence can be as high as 40% in those over 80
  • causes B12 deficiency
  • decreased motility and elasticity of the large intestine, along with low fibre and liquid intake, can result in constipation
29
Q

What shifts in body composition occur in old age?

A
  • shifts to a greater percentage of fat and less muscle
  • decreased strength and endurance, affecting mobility and balance
  • exercise can help to maintain muscle mass
30
Q

Estrogen and progesterone and aging?

A
  • decline in older women

- cause changes in body composition, which increases risk of CVD to similar levels in men

31
Q

Growth hormone and aging?

A
  • reduced levels cause declining protein synthesis

- regular exercise can improve this

32
Q

Melatonin and aging?

A
  • lower levels
  • involved in sleep cycle and is an antioxidant
  • supplements may enhance immune and brain function in aging
33
Q

Insulin and aging?

A
  • pancreas decreases its secretion of insulin
  • tissue may be less sensitive to insulin and its BG lowering effects
  • increased risk for T2DM
  • exercise improves insulin sensitivity and increases glucose disposal
34
Q

What might be considered the greatest nutritional challenge with older adults?

A
  • elderly have decreased caloric need BUT constant or increased need for vitamins and minerals
  • malnutrition
35
Q

How does immune function change with aging? How does this affect nutrition?

A
  • decline in immune function

- sickness limits nutrient intake and absorption, which affects body’s ability to mount an immune response

36
Q

How can mental impairment affect nutrition?

A
  • decline can affect ability to acquire and prepare food
  • physical activity and mental exercise can delay the onset of Alzheimer’s and dementia
  • evidence for MIND diet
37
Q

What is the MIND diet?

A

Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay

38
Q

How can drugs affect nutrition?

A
  • more meds being used in older adults
  • many drugs can cause deficiencies in certain nutrients
  • increases risk for malnutrition
39
Q

What socioeconomic and psychological factors can also impact nutrition?

A
  • seniors often on a fixed income
  • increased risk for depression
  • mobility issues
40
Q

Why is exercise important for older adults?

A
  • prevents illness, maintains independence and muscle mass

- weight-bearing exercise causes bone and muscle growth

41
Q

What is not a weight-bearing exercise?

A

Swimming

42
Q

What recommendations can be made to seniors to improve nutrition and health?

A
  • encourage canned, frozen, or bulk foods
  • address issues affecting ability to cook food
  • consult HCP about possible interactions with medications
  • use money on food, not supplements
  • encourage social interaction via exercise groups
  • tai chi and yoga to increase balance

Nutrition (21 decks)

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