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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

It contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell.

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2
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm?

A

Where most chemical reactions happen, it contains enzymes which control these chemical reactions.

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3
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes IN and OUT of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the roles of ribosomes?

A

Where PROTEINS are made.

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5
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for AEROBIC RESPIRATION take place for ENERGY.

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6
Q

Name 2 organelles that a plant cell has but a bacterial cell does not.

A

Nucleus and mitochondria.

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7
Q

Name 2 organelles that a plant cell has that an animal cell does not.

A

Cell wall and chloroplasts.

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8
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

They ABSORB SUNLIGHT.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LOWER concentration.

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10
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Temperature
  3. Surface area of cell membrane
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11
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion, as particles have more KINETIC ENERGY and move FASTER.

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12
Q

How does the surface area of a cell membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface of a cell membrane the faster rate of diffusion.

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13
Q

How does a concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The higher the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion.

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from a DILUTE solution to a CONCENTRATED solution of water through a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

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15
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

Solutions that contain a HIGH concentration of water.

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16
Q

What do partially permeable membranes allow molecules to do?

A

They allow SOME molecules to pass through but not ALL molecules.

17
Q

What will happen to an animal cell if you place it into water?

A

Water will move by osmosis from OUTSIDE the cell to INSIDE the cell.

18
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

magnification = image size / object size

19
Q

What is a Eukaryota cell?

A

Cells with a NUCLEUS e.g plant and animal cells.

20
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cells with DNA that is NOT enclosed in a nucleus e.g bacteria cells.

21
Q

What is cell specialisation also known as?

A

Differentiation.

22
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

It is an UNDIFFERENTIATED cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and differentiate to form other types of cells.

23
Q

Name 2 places were adult stem cells can be found?

A

Any 2 from:

  1. bone marrow
  2. liver
  3. skin
  4. teeth
24
Q

What 2 risks are there from bone marrow transplants?

A
  1. The white blood cells produced by the donated bone marrow could ATTACK the patients body.
  2. Risk of VIRUSES being passed form the donor to the patient.
25
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Where an EMBRYO is produced with the SAME genes as the patients.

26
Q

Describe 2 advantages of therapeutic cloning?

A
  1. Stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted into the patient WITHOUT BEING REJECTED by the patients IMMUNE SYSTEM.
  2. Once inside the stem cells CAN DIFFERENTIATE to REPLACE CELLS which have STOPPED WORKING correctly.
27
Q

Where can a plants stem cells be found?

A

In meristem tissue.

28
Q

What are plant stem cells capable of doing?

A

They can differentiate into any type of plant tissue, at ANY point in the life of the plant.

29
Q

What 2 ways can cells divide?

A
  • Mitosis - Meiosis
30
Q

Explain the different stages of mitosis. (3)

A
  1. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
  2. One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell.
  3. The nucleus also divides. The cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to form two identical cells.
31
Q

What are the functions of mitosis? (3)

A
  • Mitosis is essential for GROWTH and development of multi cellular organisms e.g. plant and animals. - Mitosis takes place when an organism REPAIRS itself. - Mitosis happens during SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
32
Q

How many micrometers are there in a millimetre?

A

1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres

33
Q

Convert 0.025mm into μm

A

25μm

Biology (8 decks)

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