BSS

Question 1

What is the definition of disabled under the Equality Act 2010?

Answer 1

having a physical or mental impairment that has “substantial” and “long term” negative effect on your daily activities

Question 2

What is defined as long term for disability in the Equality Act 2010?

Answer 2

longer than 12 months

Question 3

What is defined as “substantial negative effects” for disability in the Equality Act 2010?

Answer 3

taking longer time for daily activities

Question 4

What is the classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)? (WHO 1999)

Answer 4

it looks at a person’s physical functioning, their daily activities/task, and participation in society to look at different facets of disability

Question 5

In the ICF, what does body function/impairment relate to?

Answer 5

physical functioning

Question 6

In the ICF, what does activity/activity limitation refer to?

Answer 6

tasks or activities undertaken by a person, and difficulties or limitations to activities

Question 7

In the ICF, what does participation/ participation limitation refer to?

Answer 7

involvement in life situations and participation restrictions to involvement

Question 8

What is stigma?

Answer 8

branding or making someone due to their impairment

Question 9

What is enacted stigma?

Answer 9

societal reaction to impairment (i.e. change in behaviour) producing discriminatory experiences for the person with the disability

Question 10

What is felt stigma?

Answer 10

expected societal reactions can change self-identity (anticipation of reactions)

Question 11

What is courtesy stigma?

Answer 11

tendency for stigma to spread from the stigmatised individual to his close connections

Question 12

What is the relationship between stigma and health?

Answer 12

worsening health outcomes (i.e. decrease in medication adherence)

Question 13

What is the recovery model in mental health?

Answer 13

recovering beyond survival: looking at empowerment, independence, choice and control (opposed to dependence/institutionalisation)
–> process and personal journey towards recovery

Question 14

What is the relationship with SES/income and disability?

Answer 14

• the lower the SES, the higher the prevalence of limiting long standing illness
• the lower the income, the higher the prevalence of limiting long standing illness

Question 15

What is the work capability assessment?

Answer 15

• questionnaire on physical, mental and social functions

- interview

Question 16

What are the negative sides of the work capability assessment?

Answer 16

• foccuses on negatives in life
• forces people to re-enter the workplace when they don’t feel capable of doing so
• doens’t focus on workplace
• -> focussed on biomedical model of disability

Question 17

What is coping?

Answer 17

managing stressors that have been exceeding a person’s resources/taxing

Question 18

What are the four ways of coping?

Answer 18

-approach coping:
(problem focused
emotinal focused)
-avoidance coping

Question 19

How is problem focused coping?

Answer 19

reduce demands of the stressor or increase resources available to manage it

Question 20

How is emotion focused coping?

Answer 20

manage emotions evoked bt the stressful event:

• behavioural strategies (talking to friends, drinking or smoking, shopping)
• cognitive strategies (denying important of problem, thinking about it in a positive way)

Question 21

What is quality of life?

Answer 21

a person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their relationships to salient features in their environment

Question 22

What is QALY?

Answer 22

(quality adjusted life years)
measure of stat of health in person in terms of length of life, are adjusted to the quality of life
one QALY = 1 year of life in perfect health

Question 23

How is QALY measured?

Answer 23

person’s ability to carry out activities of daily life, and freedom from pain and mental disturbances

Question 24

What are the NICE guidelines for QALY and treatment?

Answer 24

• less than £20000/QALY: cost effective
• £20000-£30000/QALY: other sorts of benefits or considerations must be evident
• more than £30000/QALY: a strong case needs to be made for technology to be recommended

Question 25

How is QoL assessed?

Answer 25

• health status
• patient reported outcomes (PROs)
• patient reported outcome measures (PROMs): looks at perceptions of their health status, perceived level of impairment, disability, health related quality of life

Question 26

What are the different types of QoL Scale?

Answer 26

1. generic or illness specific
2. standardised or individualised
3. uni-dimensional or multidimentional

Question 27

What are examples of generic and illness specific scales (QoL)?

Answer 27

generic:
- Short Form-36 (SF-36)
- EUROQOL (EQ5D)
- Nottingham Health Profile

illness specific:

• arthritis Impact measurement scale (AIMS)
• simplified Psoriasis index

Question 28

What are examples of standardised or individualised scales (QoL)?

Answer 28

standardised: Barthel Index
individualised: SEIQoL (select 5 domains in life that are important and weigh up each domain in worst to best case scenario)

Question 29

What are examples of uni-dimensional or multidimensional scales relating to QoL?

Answer 29

• uni-dimensional: general health questionnaire (single score: mood)
• multidimensional: SF-36 (mental healed, physical functioning, pain, social functioning, energy)

Question 30

How do we know if the scales used for QoL are good?

Answer 30

psychometric properties:

• reliability (consistent over time a,d between people)
• validity (measures what its supposed to measure)
• sensitivity (sensitivity to change: floor and ceiling effect)