respiratory part 1

Question 1

general definition of respiration

Answer 1

sequence of events that result in the exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide between external and internal environment and mitochondria

Question 2

general definition of mitochondrial respiration

Answer 2

production of ATP by oxidation of carbs, AA, or FAs

oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide is produced

Question 3

equation for diffusion

Answer 3

dQ/dt=DXAX(dC/dX)

rate of diffusion = diffusion coefficient x area of membrane x concentration of gradient over distance

Question 4

what is the solubility of oxygen in air vs water?

Answer 4

oxygen is 30x less soluble in water than air

oxygen is 10,000x less mobile in water than air

Question 5

what are challenges associated with relying on diffusion for gas exchange?

Answer 5

stagnant environment = depletion of gases
requires a very small distance
thin membranes

Question 6

what do large organisms use for gas exchange

Answer 6

bulk flow: ventilation/circulation

diffusion

Question 7

what are the three respiratory strategies

Answer 7

1. circulating external medium through body
2. diffusion of gases across the body surface as well as circulatory transport (moist thin skin)
3. diffusion of gases across specialized respiratory surface as well as circulatory transport (lungs/gills)

Question 8

what are the three types of ventilation

Answer 8

1. non directional
2. tidal (air breathers)
3. uni directional (water breathers)

Question 9

what are the three types of unidirectional ventilation

Answer 9

1. concurrent - same direction
2. counter current - opposite directions
   3, crosscurrent - blood flow crosses respiratory surface

Question 10

what is the purpose of ventilation

Answer 10

ventilation of respiratory surfaces reduces formation of static boundary layers

Question 11

respiratory plan of sponges/chnidarians

Answer 11

circulate medium through internal cavity
gases diffuse directly in and out of cells
sponge- flagella move water thru ostia and out osculum
cnidarians - muscle contractions move water in and out through mouth

Question 12

molluscs (snails and clam) respiratory plan

Answer 12

cilia on gills moves water across the gills unidrectionally

counter current flow

Question 13

molluscs (cephalapods) respiratory plan

Answer 13

muscular contractions of mantel propel water unidirectionally past gills of mantle
counter current flow

Question 14

elasmobranchs respiratory plan

Answer 14

expand buccal cavity
increase volume sucks water in buccal cavity through mouth
mouth closes, buccal cavity forces water past gills and out gill slits
- ram ventilation countercurrent flow

Question 15

teleost fish respiratory plan

Answer 15

gills located in opercular cavity
mouth open opercular valve close, expands buccal cavity
pressure decreases, water sucks in
mouth closes, buccal cavity raises and closes operculum
pressure pushes out water into opercular cavity
opercular valve opens and water leaves through slits

Question 16

four types or respiratory surfaces in air breathing fish

Answer 16

reinforced gills
vascularized mouths 
vascularized stomach 
pockets of gut
lungs 
- tidal ventilation using buccal force

Question 17

what are the two main animal lineages that colonized terrestrial habitats

Answer 17

vertebrates

arthropods

Question 18

insects respiratory system

Answer 18

tracheal system

• air filled tubes
• open to outside
• contract abdominal muscles for tidal or unidirectional flow
• gases diffuse in and out
• don’t use circulatory system

Question 19

amphibians respiratory system

Answer 19

cutaneous respiration
simple bilboed lungs
- tidal ventilation using buccal force pump

Question 20

reptiles respiratory system

Answer 20

most have two lungs
unidirectinal ventilation
rely on aspiration pumps
- separation of feeding and respiratory muscles

Question 21

respiratory plan birds

Answer 21

stiff lungs, don't expand or contract
series of sacs surround lungs and expand/contract
- posterior/anterior
gas exchange in parabronchi 
- crosscurrent and countercurrent

Question 22

two main parts of mammal respiratory system

Answer 22

upper - mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx and trachea

lower - bronchi and gas exchange surfaces (alveoli)

Question 23

alveoli role in mammal respiratory system

Answer 23

type 1- thin walled, site of gas exchange
type 2- surfactant cells 
- secrete fluid 
- reduce surface tension 
- prevent alveoli from collapsing

Question 24

role of pleural sac

Answer 24

contains small amount of pleural fluid in pleural cavity - keeps lungs expanded

Question 25

steps of inhilation (intercostals, ribs, diaphragm, thorax volume)

Answer 25

motor neurons stimulate inspiry muscles
contract external intercostals & diaphragm
ribs move out and diaphragm down
increase thorax volume
lungs expand air pulled in

Question 26

steps of exhalation (intercostals, ribs, diaphragm, thorax volume)

Answer 26

nerve stimulation of inspire muscles stops
muscles relax
ribs and diaphragm return
volume decreases 
lungs push air out 
(can also force air out by contraction)