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Bio Ch 46 Animal reproduction > Ch 10 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

The ______________ is the fluid outside the thylakoid and it contains DNA, Ribosomes and several enzymes

A

Stroma

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2
Q

The light reactions also generates ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called_____________

A

Photophosphorylaation

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3
Q

______________ _________________ is a technique used by medical doctors to rule out antibiotic resistant, as gram negative bacteria.

A

Gram staining

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4
Q

A _______________is composed of a reaction center complex surrounded by several light harvesting complexes.

A

Photosystem

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5
Q

_______________ are the principal agents in bioremediation, a process that uses organisms to remove pollutants from the soil, air or water

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Many protists are important ________________, organisms that use energy from light to convert CO2 to organic compounds.

A

producers

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7
Q

__________ is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

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8
Q

Autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eatinganything derived from other organisms.

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9
Q

_____________ are the producers of the biospehere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

A

Autotrophs

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10
Q

almost all plants are ____________, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules

A

photautotrophs

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11
Q

________________ obtain their organic material from other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

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12
Q

Heterotrophs are the ______ of the biosphere

A

consumers

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13
Q

Almost all_________, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2

A

heterotrophs

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14
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis in plants?

A

Chloroplasts in the leaves

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15
Q

How do plants get their green color?

A

Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts

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16
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Chloroplasts are mainly found in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf

-each mesophyll cell contains 30-40 chloroplasts

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17
Q

Photosynthesis can be summarized in what equation?

A

6CO2+12H2O+light energy————C6H12O6

6O2+6H2O

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18
Q

What does chloroplasts split water into and what doe is realease?

A
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19
Q

What is meant by photosynthesis being a redox reaction?

A

a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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20
Q

Photosynthesis is an ________process; the energy boost is provided by light

A

endorgonic

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21
Q

Photosynthesis consists of the _________(the photo part) and ________(the synthesis part)

A

Light reaction

Calvin Cycle

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22
Q

Where does the light reaction take place?

A

The Thylakoid

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23
Q

What are the steps for the light reaction?

A
  • Split H2O
  • Release O2
  • Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
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24
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

A

The Stroma

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25
Q

What happens in the calvin cycle?

A
  • forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
  • The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
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26
Q

__________ are solar-powered chemical factories
Their __________ transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

A

Chloroplasts

Thylakoids

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27
Q

Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also called ____________________

A

Electromagnetic radiation

28
Q

____________ are substances that absorb visible light

A

pigments

29
Q

Why do leaves appear green?

A

Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light

30
Q

A _____________ measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

A

Spectrophotometer

31
Q

An __________ ____________is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

A

Absorption spectrum

32
Q

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that what two colors of light work best for photosynthesis?

A

violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

33
Q

An _________ _______profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

A

Action spectrum

34
Q

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a __________to an excited state, which is __________

A

ground state

Unstable

35
Q

When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called _________

A

flourescence

36
Q

If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off________and ________

A

light and heat

37
Q

A photosystem consists of a _____________________(a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

A

Reaction Complex center

38
Q

The_________________________(pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

A
39
Q

A ___________________in the reaction center accepts excited electron and is reduced as a result

A

Primary electron acceptor

40
Q

What is the first step of a light reaction?

A

Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions

41
Q

___________________ functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of ___________

A

Photosystem II

P680

42
Q

________________ is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

A

Photosystem I

43
Q

During the light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flowwhat are they?

A

Cyclic and linear

44
Q

_________________-, the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

A

Linear elcetron flow

45
Q

________________-uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH

A

Cyclic electron flow

46
Q

____________generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

A

Cyclic electron flow

47
Q

Which electron flow was thought to have evolved first?

A

Cyclic electron flow is thought to have evolved before linear electron flow

48
Q

Which cycle is thought to be used for protection of light?

A

Cyclic electron flow may protect cells from light-induced damage

49
Q

Chloroplasts and ___________ generate ATP by __________, but use different sources of energy

A

Mitochondria

Chemiosmosis

50
Q

How do mitochodria and chloropasts differ in ATP production?

A

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP

51
Q

In mitochondria where are protons pumped to, what do they drive and where do they diffuse back to?

A

In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix

52
Q

In Chloroplast where do protons get pumped to, what do they drive and where do they diffuse back to?

A

In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma

53
Q

ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the ________, where the ______________takes place

A

Stroma

Calvin cycle

54
Q

light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from _________ to __________

A

H2O

NADPH

55
Q

The ____________builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the _______________of electrons carried by NADPH

A

Calvin cycle

Reducing power

56
Q

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named ___________________

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

57
Q

For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place _________ times, fixing 3 molecules of______

A

Three

CO2

58
Q

The Calvin cycle has what three phases?

A

Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

59
Q

The closing of stomata reduces access to _______and causes________to build up
These conditions favor an apparently wasteful process called____________

A

CO2

O2

photorespiration

60
Q

What happens in C3 plants?

A
  • initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate)
  • In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound
  • Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar
61
Q

Why might photorespiration be an evolutionary relic?

A

because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2

62
Q

________________ limits damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle

A

Photorespiration

63
Q

How do C4 plants work?

A
  • minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells
  • This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase
  • PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low
  • These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
64
Q

Some plants, including succulents, use _________________ (CAM) to fix carbon

A

Crassulacean Acid metabolism

65
Q

_________ plants open their stomata at night, incorporating ________ into organic acids
Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the _______

A

CAM

CO2

Calvin cycle

66
Q
A

Bio Ch 46 Animal reproduction (5 decks)

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