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Isaac's biology > B5 complete > Flashcards

B5 complete Flashcards

1
Q

Humans exchange substances with their environment

What are the 3 examples of when substances take in products and get rid of waste products

A
  • Cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration, which produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
  • Water is taken up into the cell via osmosis, dissolved food molecules diffuse along with it.
  • Urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma, filtered out of the blood and excreted.
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2
Q

What does the lungs do?

Surrounded by capillaries.

A

Transfers Oxygen to the blood

-Contain alveoli where oxygen diffuses into and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

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3
Q

How are the alveolar specialised to maximise the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Big surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Moist lining
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4
Q

What intestine is digested food taken into?

What is it covered by millions of?

A

Small intestine

Villi

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5
Q

What is villi?

A

Villi increase the surface area in a big way so that digested food is quickly absorbed into the blood by active transport and diffusion.

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6
Q

What do arteries do?

Name 2 features of one?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

  • Strong and elastic walls
  • Thick layers of muscle to allow arteries to spring back.
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7
Q

What do veins do?

Name 2 features of one?

A

Carry blood to the heart.

  • Have valves keeping the blood flowing in the right direction.
  • Lower pressure than arteries
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8
Q

What do capillaries do?

Name 2 features of one?

A

Exchange of materials at the tissues.

  • Tiny
  • Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out.
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9
Q

What is the role of Plasma?

A

To transport substances round your body

-E.g, red blood cells and white blood cells

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10
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

Name 2 features.

A

To transport oxygen to working cells.

  • No nucleus freeing up space for oxygen.
  • Small and flexible enabling them to pass through tiny capillaries.
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11
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape?

A

Gives the RBC a large surface area to volume ratio. Allowing more diffusion and oxygen.

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12
Q

What does the Central Nervous System do?

A

The CNS coordinates a response and sends a message to an effector which performs the response. eg: contracting a muscle.

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13
Q

What does the fatty sheath do?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the impulse.

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14
Q

What does the brain consist of?

A

Brain stem
-controls unconscious activities, e.g breathing.
Cerebral Cortex
-Responsible for memory and language etc.
Cerebellum
-Responsible for conscious movement

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15
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a specialised cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

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16
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurons, electrical impulses trigger the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap. Chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of next nucleus setting off a new electrical impulse.

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17
Q

What are the problems with brain treatment? (3)

A
  • May lead to permanent damage
  • Ethical issues of using stem cells to replace damaged tissue
  • Neurons don’t repair themselves
  • Nervous system not easy to access.
18
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers sent in the blood.

19
Q

Adrenaline is a hormone that prepares you for what? And how?

A

‘Fight or flight’. Activating processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells.

20
Q

What are the 4 stages to sexual reproduction?

A
  • Day 1 = menstruation starts, uterus lining breaks down
  • Stages 2 = uterus lining is repaired
  • Stage 3 = egg develops and is released from the ovary (ovulation, day 14)
  • Stage 4 = Lining is then maintained.
21
Q

What are the four hormones controlling the menstrual cycle? And name one feature of each.

A
  • FSH, causes egg to mature
  • Oestrogen, causes uterus lining to thicken
  • LH, allows egg to be released
  • Progesterone, maintains the lining of the uterus in preparation fertilized egg.
22
Q

How can hormones be used to treat infertility?

A

Some women’s levels of FSH are too low so the egg cannot develop
-So FSH can be injected into a woman.

23
Q

What do Hormonal Contraceptive methods do? (2)

A
  • Thickens cervical mucus, making it less likely for sperm to get through.
  • Thins lining of uterus to reduce the chance of a fertilised egg implanting
  • Prevents ovulation
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of contraceptives?

A
  • side effects of hormonal contraceptives.
  • barrier methods may not work
  • length of hormonal contraceptive
  • STIs
25
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment, keeping body conditions in a narrow range.

26
Q

What part of the brain controls body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

What does the body do when it is too hot?

A
  • Hairs lie flat
  • Lots of sweat produced, sweat evaporates cooling down your skin.
  • Vasodilation occurs, allowing more blood to flow near the surface, transferring energy to surroundings, cooling you down.
28
Q

What does the body do when it is too cold?

A
  • Hairs stand on end, trapping insulating layer of air
  • Very little sweat is produced.
  • Vasoconstriction, blood supply reduced.
29
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to regulate body temperature after this?

A

Processes information and communicates via nervous system with effectors
Effectors use their effect and counteract the change bringing temp back to normal.

30
Q

Why is balancing water content important?

A
  • If there is too much water in cells, there will be too much osmosis, which can cause a cell to burst
  • If there is not enough water in cells, the cells may shrink.
31
Q

How do kidneys help control water content?

Where is urine formed?

A

Kidneys control the volume of urine produced and how concentrated it is.
Urine formed in Tubules.

32
Q

How is the concentration of urine controlled?

A

When you have gained too much water, less ADH is produced, which means that kidneys absorb less water.

When you have lost too much water, more ADH is produced, ADH making kidney reabsorb more water.

33
Q

What factors can affect urine?

A

Sweating and dehydration cause water loss, therefore more ADH is produced so that your kidneys absorb more water.

34
Q

What does ADH do?

A

makes the kidney tubes more permeable so that more water can be absorbed.

35
Q

What do Insulin and Glucagon do?

A

When blood glucose level is too high- Insulin added

When blood glucose level is too low- Glucagon added

36
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

Name a symptom.

A

Caused from genetics.
Pancreas stop producing insulin, so a person’s blood glucose level rise dangerously high
Easily hungry.

37
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

Name a symptom.

A

Caused from lifestyle factors.
A condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or doesn’t make enough insulin. Regular exercise to control blood sugar levels.
Dizziness

38
Q

What are the key parts of the eye?

A

CORNEA
-refracts light
IRIS
-controls amount of light

39
Q

How does the IRIS work to protect the retina?

A

When bright light is shined into the eye, the pupil shrinks to allow less light in

When dim light is shined into eyes, pupils widen as muscles relax.

40
Q

What happens when you are long sighted and how can it be fixed?

A

They are unable to focus on near objects as image is past the retina.
-if you put a convex lens in front of the eyes the image will be on the retina so the image will be clearer.

41
Q

What happens when you are short sighted and how can it be fixed?

A

They are unable to focus on distant objects as the image is before the retina.

-If you put a concave lens in front of the eye, the rays diverge and join at the retina.

Isaac's biology (6 decks)

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