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N158 Nursing Therapeutics > Elimination > Flashcards

Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

_________ stimulates bowel movement

A

parasympathetic

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2
Q

__________ nervous system inhibits bowel movement

A

sympathetic

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3
Q

how often does peristalsis occur

A

every 3-12 minutes

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4
Q

how often do mass peristalsic sweeps occur every day

A

1-4 times

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5
Q

% of water to solid in “normal” stool

A

75% water

25% solid

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6
Q

how do fatty acids affect digestion

A

slows the process

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7
Q

why is stool drier the longer it spends in the large intestine?

A

more water is absorbed

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8
Q

3 factors that affect bowel functioning

A

personal patterns

activity and muscle tone

lifestyle (rituals, travel, stress, depression)

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9
Q

stool softener

classification and action

A

surfact-active agents

pulls water into stool from body

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10
Q

example of a stool softener

A

docusate

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11
Q

4 types of laxatives

A
  1. osmotic mechanical stimulation
  2. bulk forming agent
  3. lubricant
  4. chemical stimulation
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12
Q

3 examples of osmotic mechanical stimulation laxative

A

MOM

mag citrate

mag sulfate

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13
Q

how do osmotic mechanical stimulants work

A

pull massive amounts of water and cause peristalsis

(consider timing, not Plan A)

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14
Q

example of a bulk forming agent (laxative or anti-diarrheal)

A

psyllium

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15
Q

example of a lubricant laxative

A

mineral oil

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16
Q

5 examples of chemical stimulant laxatives

A

castor oil

ex-lax

bisacodyl

cascara

sennasides

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17
Q

describe chemical stimulant laxatives

A

dramatic

some stool softeners have them for dual action

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18
Q

2 examples of suppositories

A

glycerin

bisacodyl

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19
Q

2 examples of small volume enemas

A

fleet (phosphate)

oil retention

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20
Q

most important consideration when patient’s have diarrhea

A

what is causing it

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21
Q

3 types of meds for diarrhea

A

absorbents

bulk forming agents

synthetic opiates

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22
Q

2 examples of absorbents for diarrhea

A

kaopectate

pepto bismol

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23
Q

2 examples of synthetic opiates

A

imodium (loperamide)

lomotil (dephenoxylate/atropine)

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24
Q

what do synthetic opiates do

A

prevention; anti-diarrheal

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25
Q

paralytic ileus

A

part of the bowel loses motility

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26
Q

ileostomy vs. colostomy

A

small intestine (runnier)

colon (semi-formed)

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27
Q

when should you empty a fecal diversion bag?

A

before its more than 1/3 full

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28
Q

O & P

A

ova and parasites (fecal test)

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29
Q

what can cause a false positive for guaiac?

A

aspirin

iron

red meat

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30
Q

what can cause a false negative for guaiac?

A

2-4 grams of vitamin C in the last 24 hours

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31
Q

frank blood vs. occult blood

A

frank: red - LGI
(outside: hemerrhoid, mixed in: higher up)
occult: black/unseen - UGI

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32
Q

what should we consider with direct visualization studies

A

hold aspirin

adjust coumadin

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33
Q

important consideration with barium swallo

A

make sure poop is no longer white

34
Q

infrequent, hard, dry stool

A

constipation

35
Q

accumulation of hard stool in rectum

urgency without BM

smears

A

fecal impaction

36
Q

accumulation of gas in GI tract

A

flatulance

37
Q

accumulation of excessive amounts of flatus, liquids, or solids

A

distension

38
Q

dialated veins in anal canal

A

hemorrhoids

39
Q

primary interventions for bowel elimination

A

fluids

diet

fiber

40
Q

secondary interventions for bowel elimination

A

stool softeners

anti-diarrheal

41
Q

tertiary interventions for bowel elimination

A

DOS daily

rectal tubes

42
Q

relaxed detrusor muscle

contracted sphincter

A

sympathetic

43
Q

contracted detrusor

relaxed sphincter

A

parasympathetic

(urination)

44
Q

organic solutes in urine

A

urea

ammonia

uric acid

creatinine

45
Q

inorganic solutes found in urine

A

sodium

chloride

potassium

sulfate

magnesium

phosphorus

46
Q

normal pH of urine

A

6.0

(4.5-8.0)

47
Q

typical amount of urine eliminated over 24 hours

A

1200-1500

48
Q

range of urine eliminated per void

A

200-500 (depends on intake)

49
Q

how much urine should be voided AT MINIMUM per hour

A

30mL

50
Q

formula to determine urine per hour

A
  1. 5 mL/kg
    infants: 1mL/kg
51
Q

developmental factors of urinary function

infants

A

kidneys not efficient yet

52
Q

developmental factors of urinary function

toddler/preschool

A

maturation of spinal cord = bladder control

53
Q

up until what age is bed wetting not an issue?

A

7

54
Q

developmental factors of urinary function

adult/older adult

A

BPH

muscles weaken

low renal perfusion

55
Q

how do cholinergics promote voiding

A

contract smooth muscle

56
Q

what do anti-cholinergics do

A

increase retention

57
Q

pyridium medication

A

UTI pain relief

58
Q

cutaneous ureterostomy

A

stoma for ureter

59
Q

ileal conduit

A

piece of small bowel used to carry urine

60
Q

amount of urine needed for urine specimen

A

15 mL

61
Q

PVR

A

postvoid residual

62
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography

(xray with contrast)

63
Q

urodynamic studies (cystometry)

A

sense or motor function

64
Q

BUN

A

asseses renal function r/t kidney failure and dehydration

(blood urea nitrogen)

65
Q

creatinine

A

assess kidney function found in chronic renal failure R/T drug reaction or disease

66
Q

GFR

A

estimation of renal clearance/kidney function

67
Q

normal BUN: Creatinine ratio for older adults

A

30:1

68
Q

normal BUN: creatinine ratio

A

10-20:1

69
Q

normal creatinine and low BUN

A

possible over-hydration

70
Q

normal creatinine and high BUN

A

fluid issue

71
Q

pain or difficulty voiding

A

dysuria

72
Q

excessive amounts of urine formation/excretion

(2,500 - 3,000cc/24 hours)

A

polyuria

73
Q

formation and excretion of small amount of urine

(less than 500cc/24 hour)

A

oliguria

74
Q

increased void without increased intake

A

frequency

75
Q

sitations with an increased risk of retention

A

surgery

immobility

vaginal birth

neuro impairment

76
Q

RBCs in urine

A

hematuria

77
Q

WBCs in urine

A

pyuria

78
Q

unable to empty bladder

A

urinary retention

79
Q

involuntary voiding with no pathological origin

A

enuresis

80
Q

delay/difficulty initiating void

A

hesitancy

N158 Nursing Therapeutics (8 decks)

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