clinical psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

deviation from statistical norms

A
  • someone with an IQ of below 70 falls within 2-3% of the population so id diagnosed with IDD.
  • positive traits do not receive the same diagnosis
  • arbitrary cut off point
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2
Q

deviation from social norms

A
  • what is considered abnormal changes over time and across cultures
  • explains culture bound symptoms such as Seizisman in Haiti (Nicolas et al., 2006)
  • can be used to justify abuse of human rights (Goldacre, 2002)
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3
Q

maladaptivity

A
  • Davey (1994) found that many people view anxiety as an adaptive behaviour (when does it become maladaptive)
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4
Q

distress and impairment

A
  • allows for individuals to have a say in their own diagnosis
  • Alwin, 2008 found that people with personality disorders are particularly unlikely to admit to being distressed
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5
Q

Crisp et al., 2000

A

found that people have three main perceptions about people with mental health diagnoses:

  • hard to talk to
  • self inflicted
  • dangerous
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6
Q

Boyle, 2007 and Scheff, 1975

A

both have evidence showing that labelling people with mental health disorders may not actually be beneficial and to do so gives them a label that they can play up to and use as an excuse.

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7
Q

what information does the DSM-V provide?

A
  • essential features
  • associated features
  • diagnostic criteria
  • differential details
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8
Q

why is it good to have diagnostic manuals?

A
  • allows resources to be provided to the groups of people that need them
  • gives all psychologists the same guidelines to base diagnoses on
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9
Q

Kessler et al., 1994

A

found that 79% of people with one diagnosis had a previous diagnosis of something else

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10
Q

what are some problems with the DSM-V?

A
  • gives no detail on causes so is essentially just naming symptoms and gives no real individual insight
  • can contribute to stigma of diagnosis
  • high levels of co-morbidity and co-occurence means that it is possible that all conditions should be thought of on a spectrum rather than discrete entities.
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11
Q

what is the main assumption of the biological/medical model?

A

that everything psychological is first biological and therefore any psychological abnormality is a result of physical abnormality

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12
Q

how does the biological model fit explanations of Sz?

A

genetic explanations and the dopamine hypothesis are proposed biological causes for Sz

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13
Q

what is some evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Faustman, 1995 found that amphetamines increase dopamine and also induce Sz-like symptoms
Kapur and Seeman, 2001 found, in post-mortems, that people with Sz have a greater number of dopamine receptors in the brain

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14
Q

what are some strengths of the biological model?

A
  • seen as scientific and objective
  • could reduce the stigma of people with mental illness (see Crisp et al., 2000) as they are seen as biologically ill rather than just ‘mad’
  • it allows for the treatment of conditions with drugs, which are less time consuming, cheaper and allow patients to carry on with their normal life whilst getting treatment
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15
Q

what treatment is proposed for Sz based off the biological model?

A

antipsychotic drugs such as clorpromazine or clozapine which lower the sensitivity of cells to dopamine.
Meltzer, 2014 found antipsychotics significantly outperformed a placebo

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16
Q

what are some weaknesses of the biological model?

A
  • drugs bring up ethical issues and are sometimes seen as being like a ‘chemical straightjacket’ as they may have sedative effects
  • doesn’t provide people with long term coping mechanisms
  • drug treatments often have side effects such as Tardive Dyskinesia which can be permanent.
  • NICE statistics estimate that antipsychotics are not effective in up to 40% of Sz case. this is a weakness as the biological model assumes that all people should respond to these drugs.
  • there are many conditions which have no known biological cause (ADHD, gender dysphoria) but even the ones that do are not 100% biological.
17
Q

Gottesman, 1987

A

found concordance rates of 44% in MZ twins and 12% in DZ twins

18
Q

Badner and Geston, 2002

A

found as many as 9 genes that could contribute to a vulnerability to Sz.

19
Q

Chenieaux, 1990

A

gave two psychologists 100 patients to diagnose and found that one diagnosed 24 people and the other diagnosed just 13, this shows the subjectivity of diagnosing people

20
Q

definition of Sz

A

it is a condition characterised by psychosis, disordered thinking and ‘negative symptoms’ such as avolition

21
Q

what is the one condition with a verified biological cause

A

Alzheimers

22
Q

how does Sz fit in with the cognitive model?

A

it fits with the theory of negative attribution bias (Bentall, 1994) where internal feelings or events are attributed to external events which explains why 50% of people with Sz have paranoid Sz

23
Q

how does CBT work to cure Sz

A

it challenges delusions and irrational beliefs that people with Sz have and works to provide them with rational alternative explanations for these beliefs.

24
Q

what are some alternative explanations for why CBT works

A

it has been shown to increase compliance with medication (Pharaoh, 2014)

25
Q

Tarrier (2015)

A

found that the greatest improvement in Sz sufferers was seen with CBT and drug therapies rather than just one or the other.