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Biology 2 > Unit 2: Plants > Flashcards

Unit 2: Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Are plants eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic. Plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane bound organelles, etc.)

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2
Q

True or false: Plants are unicellular.

A

False. Plants are multicellular.

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3
Q

How do plants obtain their carbon?

A

Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, this means they get their carbon from CO2, which is an inorganic substance.

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4
Q

How do plants store their carbohydrates?

A

It is stored as starch. Proof is seen in corn and potatoes.

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5
Q

True or false: The life cycle alternates between multicellular n and 2n phases?

A

True. There are the haploid and diploid phases, both of which are multicellular.

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6
Q

True or false: plants evolved from algae?

A

True. Plants share many characteristics with algae. Oldest fossils show that plants probably evolved from filamentous green algae about 470 million years ago.

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7
Q

What are examples of bryophytes?

A

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

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8
Q

Describe the haploid and diploid parts of bryophytes.

A

The haploid part of the plant is the dominant (largest) part of the plant. Bryophytes have diploid reproductive structures.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle?

A

All plants have a waxy cuticle which covers all above ground surfaces; this helps stop water loss.

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10
Q

What are stomata and guard cells?

A

Stomata are holes/openings and guard cells are specialized cells that can open and close the stomata. These cover all above ground surfaces and allow for gas exchange and decrease water loss.

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11
Q

In terms of the alternating life cycles, describe seedless vascular plants.

A

The diploid plant produces spores. The SMALLER haploid plant produces gametes.

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12
Q

What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?

A

Equisetum and ferns.

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13
Q

What is phloem?

A

A vascular tissue which conducts products of photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What is xylem?

A

A vascular tissue which conducts water and minerals.

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15
Q

Do bryophytes contain phloem and xylem?

A

No. Seedless vascular, gymnosperms and flowering plants (angiosperms) have phloem and xylem.

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16
Q

What else do seedless vascular plants contain?

A

They contain lignin, a material in cell walls which provides support/strengthens the cells and plant. Dead xylem is woody tissue.

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17
Q

What are the haploid and diploid structures in gymnosperms?

A

The diploid plant produces spores whereas the haploid reproductive structure produces gametes.

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18
Q

What are some examples of gymnosperms?

A

Conifers, cycads, ginko, gnetophytes.

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19
Q

Along with features found in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, what are the features of gymnosperms?

A
  • Pollen: multicellular, haploid reproductive organ that produces sperm.
  • seeds: embryo (“baby” plant) + endosperm (food reserves) proctected by seed coat.
20
Q

What is the general trend regarding haploid and diploid structures, as plants get more and more complex?

A

The haploid structures are getting smaller and smaller. We now have pine cones that are haploid (ex), and not the pine tree itself.

21
Q

What is another name for flowering plants?

A

Angiosperms.

22
Q

What are examples of angiosperms?

A

monocots (grasses) and dicots (trees and most other plants).

23
Q

True or false: All angiosperm characteristics are shared with other plants.

A

False. Though it is true that angiosperms share characteristics with other plants, they are the only type of plant that produces flowers and fruit.

24
Q

What are some characteristics of fruit?

A

They develop from flowers. Fruit are the ovary. A fruit remains with the seed to provide protection.
All fruits contain seeds.

25
Q

What does meiosis produce in plants?

A

It does NOT produce gametes. Instead it produces spores which will undergo mitosis and will develop into gametophytes. Males gametophytes are sperm and female gametophytes are eggs.

26
Q

What is the first step in double fertilization in angiosperms?

A

The pollen (male organ) contacts the stigma (female organ).

27
Q

What is the second step in double fertilization?

A

If the pollen and stigma are compatible, the pollen tube grows. This tube grows in the stigma toward ovule.

28
Q

What is the third step in double fertilization?

A

2 haploid sperm are released (the sperm follow the tube as it grows). They were produced via mitosis of cell in pollen.

29
Q

What is the fourth step in double fertilization?

A

One sperm nucleus fuses with egg (ovule) nucleus. This forms a zygote (2n).

30
Q

What is the fifth (last) step in double fertilization?

A

The second sperm nucleus fuses with 2 nuclei of central cell. This forms a 3n endosperm. This is unique to flowering plants.

31
Q

What type of cell division is used during seed development?

A

Mitosis. Multiple nuclear divisions will form multinucleate cells. Cytokinesis will eventually divide the nuclei into individual cells.

32
Q

What is the role of the very first division of the embryo?

A

The first division sets up the top (apical/shoots) and the basal (bottom/roots) pattern.

33
Q

What does the apical develop into?

A

It develops into the embryo.

34
Q

What does the basal develop into?

A

It develops into a specialized structure to transfer nutrients to embryo. It is called the suspensor and acts like an umbilical cord.

35
Q

True or false: Roots at one end, shoots at the other.

A

True.

36
Q

During seed development, the embryo establishes a radial pattern of tissues. What stage is this established by?

A

The globular stage.

37
Q

What are the 3 primary tissues formed?

A
  1. The epidermis.
  2. Ground tissue (most of plant).
  3. Vascular tissue (phloem and xylem).
38
Q

During seed development, the embryo establishes primary meristems? What is a meristem?

A

Cells that retain embryonic characteristics.

39
Q

When are primary meristems established?

A

During the heart and torpedo stage.

40
Q

What are meristems capable of?

A

The can continue producing specific organs and tissues. They can also regenerate themselves.

41
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems called?

A
  1. Procambium-future vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  2. Shoot apical meristem-future stems and leaves.
  3. Root apical meristem-future roots.
42
Q

True or false: Shoot apical meristems can produce roots.

A

False. Shoot apical meristems can only produce branches, leaves, flowers and anthers…

43
Q

True or false: Root apical meristem an produce roots.

A

True.

44
Q

What happens when an embryo is mature?

A

The seed development stops (dormancy or desiccation).

45
Q

What are the two characteristics of the seed coat?

A
  1. It develops on the exterior surface.

2. It provides protection for the embryo and endosperm from the environment.

Biology 2 (13 decks)

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